80aa9aa38c60fb9be7abe7866bd71598 pmc_10854747.pdf 3739613a2e2709ef9f148861c8117184515c9a6d pmc_10854747.pdf c573af09486b8426200ad9553587f2176b7e6d68d1722a64e1dd5c15a59a9e5a pmc_10854747.pdf Title: Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Diarrheic and Healthy Weaned Pigs in Catalonia Subject: Postweaning diarrhea (PWD) is a multifactorial concern in the swine industry that leads to high antibiotic consumption, usually without testing susceptibility, increasing the risk of the selection of Escherichia coli-resistant strains. In this study, 251 E. coli strains isolated from fecal samples of diarrheic (n = 148) and apparently healthy piglets (n = 103) in farms in Catalonia were tested against their susceptibility to fourteen different antimicrobials. The phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) testing revealed high levels of AMR, with 41.4% of the isolates presenting a multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile. More specifically, resistance to class D (prudence) antimicrobials such as erythromycin (99.6%), amoxicillin (95.2%), streptomycin (91.6%), tetracycline (88.8%), lincospectin (64.5%), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (60%) was very high, as well as to class C (caution) antimicrobials such as florfenicol (45%). A special concern was observed for antimicrobial category B (restrict), like quinolones and colistin, that both presented a high rate of resistance. Colistin use was substantially reduced in Spain, but resistance is still present in weaned pigs, presenting a MIC90 of 4 g/mL. This suggests that reducing antibiotic use is not enough to eliminate this AMR. Finally, it was found that piglets suffering diarrhea were more commonly carriers of MDR strains than the healthy ones (49.3% vs. 35%, p = 0.031). Therefore, given the high rates of resistance to the most commonly used antimicrobials, especially in diseased pigs, a new non-antibiotic-based approach should be implemented for the management of PWD. Keywords: Escherichia coli; antimicrobial resistance; postweaning diarrhea Author: Biel Garcias, Marga Martin and Laila Darwich Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Thu Feb 1 11:23:57 2024 CET ModDate: Thu Feb 1 11:34:18 2024 CET Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 12 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1114176 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- CAMXTK+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 10 0 GURBFT+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 15 0 IOLYHO+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 21 0 AWENMA+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 26 0 SFUDNE+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 31 0 SZMRXJ+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 47 0 EXVEHZ+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 67 0 ZYGMNY+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 73 0 PNOBCM+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 91 0 PNOBCN+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 94 0 PNOBCO+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 100 0 PNOBDA+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 103 0 PNOBIB+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 106 0 PNOBCM+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 120 0 PNOBCN+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 123 0 PNOBCO+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 129 0 PNOBDA+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 132 0 PNOBIB+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 135 0 PNOBCM+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 149 0 PNOBCN+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 152 0 PNOBCO+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 158 0 PNOBDA+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 161 0 PNOBIB+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 164 0 NUUXUW+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 183 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-02-28 02:34:49 CET RepresentationInformation: pmc_10854747.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-02-21 02:32:14 CET Size: 1114176 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 364 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Bacterial Identification Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Comparison between Diarrheic Pigs and Healthy Pen Mates Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.6 Info: Title: Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Diarrheic and Healthy Weaned Pigs in Catalonia Author: Biel Garcias, Marga Martin and Laila Darwich Subject: Postweaning diarrhea (PWD) is a multifactorial concern in the swine industry that leads to high antibiotic consumption, usually without testing susceptibility, increasing the risk of the selection of Escherichia coli-resistant strains. In this study, 251 E. coli strains isolated from fecal samples of diarrheic (n = 148) and apparently healthy piglets (n = 103) in farms in Catalonia were tested against their susceptibility to fourteen different antimicrobials. The phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) testing revealed high levels of AMR, with 41.4% of the isolates presenting a multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile. More specifically, resistance to class D (prudence) antimicrobials such as erythromycin (99.6%), amoxicillin (95.2%), streptomycin (91.6%), tetracycline (88.8%), lincospectin (64.5%), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (60%) was very high, as well as to class C (caution) antimicrobials such as florfenicol (45%). A special concern was observed for antimicrobial category B (restrict), like quinolones and colistin, that both presented a high rate of resistance. Colistin use was substantially reduced in Spain, but resistance is still present in weaned pigs, presenting a MIC90 of 4 g/mL. This suggests that reducing antibiotic use is not enough to eliminate this AMR. Finally, it was found that piglets suffering diarrhea were more commonly carriers of MDR strains than the healthy ones (49.3% vs. 35%, p = 0.031). Therefore, given the high rates of resistance to the most commonly used antimicrobials, especially in diseased pigs, a new non-antibiotic-based approach should be implemented for the management of PWD. 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