edb59281ca3c12b53083e30578c32586 pmc_10888594.pdf 4958c044d37e4234b84d978c1e194fd248025362 pmc_10888594.pdf e8a3c74338ec112adba55d96e6a614f902c8166013ca8745c8462a7b41150e0e pmc_10888594.pdf Title: Role of Leptin in Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Type 2 Diabetes Subject: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a highly prevalent disease worldwide, estimated to affect 1 in every 11 adults; among them, 90–95% of cases are type 2 diabetes mellitus. This is partly attributed to the surge in the prevalence of obesity, which has reached epidemic proportions since 2008. In these patients, cardiovascular (CV) risk stands as the primary cause of morbidity and mortality, placing a substantial burden on healthcare systems due to the potential for macrovascular and microvascular complications. In this context, leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, plays a fundamental role. This hormone is essential for regulating the cellular metabolism and energy balance, controlling inflammatory responses, and maintaining CV system homeostasis. Thus, leptin resistance not only contributes to weight gain but may also lead to increased cardiac inflammation, greater fibrosis, hypertension, and impairment of the cardiac metabolism. Understanding the relationship between leptin resistance and CV risk in obese individuals with type 2 DM (T2DM) could improve the management and prevention of this complication. Therefore, in this narrative review, we will discuss the evidence linking leptin with the presence, severity, and/or prognosis of obesity and T2DM regarding CV disease, aiming to shed light on the potential implications for better management and preventive strategies. Keywords: type 2 diabetes mellitus; obesity; leptin; cardiovascular risk; inflammation Author: Teresa Vilariño-García, María L. Polonio-González, Antonio Pérez-Pérez, Josep Ribalta, Francisco Arrieta, Manuel Aguilar, Juan C. Obaya, José A. Gimeno-Orna, Pedro Iglesias, Jorge Navarro, Santiago Durán, Juan Pedro-Botet and Víctor Sánchez-Margalet Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Mon Feb 19 03:43:32 2024 CET ModDate: Mon Feb 19 04:03:45 2024 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 21 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1255881 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- IOJCNK+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 UUXQOD+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 THCYUW+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 XJOSBV+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 YYQOOO+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 32 0 IRWHZX+TimesNewRomanPSMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 48 0 CKUPDE+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 51 0 MGJCET+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 71 0 QDCWHF+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 76 0 CMEFDB+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 102 0 CMEFEC+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 108 0 CMEGCO+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 111 0 CMEGEA+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 114 0 CMEGGA+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 117 0 CMEIJE+TimesNewRoman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 120 0 CMEFDB+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 141 0 CMEFEC+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 147 0 CMEGCO+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 150 0 CMEGDP+PalatinoLinotype,Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 153 0 CMEGEA+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 159 0 CMEGGA+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 162 0 CMEIJE+TimesNewRoman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 165 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-06-06 02:43:28 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_10888594.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-05-31 06:26:37 CEST Size: 1255881 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 676 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Obesity and CVD Destination: section.2 Item: Title: Obesity and Diabetes Destination: section.3 Item: Title: Diabetes and CVD Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Leptin Destination: section.5 Item: Title: Leptin and Obesity Destination: section.6 Item: Title: Leptin and T2DM Destination: section.7 Item: Title: Leptin and CVD Destination: section.8 Item: Title: Leptin as a Therapeutic Target Destination: section.9 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.10 Item: Title: References Destination: section.11 Info: Title: Role of Leptin in Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Type 2 Diabetes Author: Teresa Vilariño-García, María L. Polonio-González, Antonio Pérez-Pérez, Josep Ribalta, Francisco Arrieta, Manuel Aguilar, Juan C. Obaya, José A. Gimeno-Orna, Pedro Iglesias, Jorge Navarro, Santiago Durán, Juan Pedro-Botet and Víctor Sánchez-Margalet Subject: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a highly prevalent disease worldwide, estimated to affect 1 in every 11 adults; among them, 90 95% of cases are type 2 diabetes mellitus. This is partly attributed to the surge in the prevalence of obesity, which has reached epidemic proportions since 2008. In these patients, cardiovascular (CV) risk stands as the primary cause of morbidity and mortality, placing a substantial burden on healthcare systems due to the potential for macrovascular and microvascular complications. In this context, leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, plays a fundamental role. This hormone is essential for regulating the cellular metabolism and energy balance, controlling inflammatory responses, and maintaining CV system homeostasis. Thus, leptin resistance not only contributes to weight gain but may also lead to increased cardiac inflammation, greater fibrosis, hypertension, and impairment of the cardiac metabolism. Understanding the relationship between leptin resistance and CV risk in obese individuals with type 2 DM (T2DM) could improve the management and prevention of this complication. Therefore, in this narrative review, we will discuss the evidence linking leptin with the presence, severity, and/or prognosis of obesity and T2DM regarding CV disease, aiming to shed light on the potential implications for better management and preventive strategies. 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