60c25f1620085d4e5ec6851a8a75fb70 pmc_10890644.pdf e339e9f1059db1ef688446518e3a7fbcb5be0557 pmc_10890644.pdf 4b8c0592289360c0e980ba39c4a07b50b700c6519251aa59408edb72e785e6a6 pmc_10890644.pdf Title: Osteonal Damage Patterns from Ballistic and Blunt Force Trauma in Human Long Bones Subject: Forensic anthropologists play a key role in skeletal trauma analysis and commonly use macroscopic features to distinguish between trauma types. However, this approach can be challenging, particularly in cases of highly comminuted or incompletely recovered fractures. Histological analysis of microscopic fracture characteristics in fractured bones may thus help provide additional information on trauma type and bone fracture biomechanics in general. This study analysed the extent of microcrack damage to osteons in long bones with blunt force trauma (BFT) and gunshot trauma (GST), from both traumatic death cases and post-mortem experimental fractures. We identified four types of osteonal damage (OD). In traumatic death cases, OD affecting the inside of the osteon and compromising the Haversian canal (type 1) was found to be indicative of BFT. Moreover, OD affecting the cement line (type 3) and interstitial lamellae (type 4) was more common in the GST samples. OD affecting the inside of the osteon without compromising the Haversian canal (type 2) was not found to be indicative of either trauma type. In cases of experimental fractures, our study revealed that post-mortem fractures in dry bone samples featured the highest amount of OD, particularly of type 4. This study also found that the experimentally produced GST featured similar OD patterns to GST death cases. These findings support our hypothesis that there are distinct osteonal damage patterns in human long bones with BFT and GST, which are of relevant value for trauma analysis in forensic anthropology. Keywords: forensic anthropology; hard tissue biomechanics; trauma mechanisms; long bone fracture; gunshot trauma; blunt force trauma; bone histology; microcrack Author: Keira Sexton, Nathalie Schwab, Ignasi Galtés, Anna Casas, Nuria Armentano, Pedro Brillas, Xavier Garrido and Xavier Jordana Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Sat Feb 3 09:27:43 2024 CET ModDate: Sat Feb 3 09:30:51 2024 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 14 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 2174495 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- BTFGED+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 APWKLL+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 XKKCZB+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 21 0 WNLQJA+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 NPUQPN+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 32 0 PJCGLK+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 49 0 VORBJF+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 69 0 OVNEXW+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 77 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 90 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 94 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 98 0 BCDHEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 102 0 URYLRZ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 113 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 126 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 130 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 134 0 BCDHEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 138 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 154 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 158 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 162 0 BCDHEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 166 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 178 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 182 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 186 0 BCDHEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 190 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-04-27 02:35:06 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_10890644.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-03-20 02:31:03 CET Size: 2174495 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 391 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Traumatic Death Cases Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Experimental Fracture Cases Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Fracture Reproduction Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Bone Preparation and Histological Analysis Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.5 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Osteonal Damage Extent Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Osteonal Damage Type Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Observer Reliability Tests Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Osteonal Damage Extent Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Osteonal Damage Types Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Limitations Destination: subsection.4.3 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.6 Info: Title: Osteonal Damage Patterns from Ballistic and Blunt Force Trauma in Human Long Bones Author: Keira Sexton, Nathalie Schwab, Ignasi Galtés, Anna Casas, Nuria Armentano, Pedro Brillas, Xavier Garrido and Xavier Jordana Subject: Forensic anthropologists play a key role in skeletal trauma analysis and commonly use macroscopic features to distinguish between trauma types. However, this approach can be challenging, particularly in cases of highly comminuted or incompletely recovered fractures. Histological analysis of microscopic fracture characteristics in fractured bones may thus help provide additional information on trauma type and bone fracture biomechanics in general. This study analysed the extent of microcrack damage to osteons in long bones with blunt force trauma (BFT) and gunshot trauma (GST), from both traumatic death cases and post-mortem experimental fractures. We identified four types of osteonal damage (OD). In traumatic death cases, OD affecting the inside of the osteon and compromising the Haversian canal (type 1) was found to be indicative of BFT. Moreover, OD affecting the cement line (type 3) and interstitial lamellae (type 4) was more common in the GST samples. OD affecting the inside of the osteon without compromising the Haversian canal (type 2) was not found to be indicative of either trauma type. In cases of experimental fractures, our study revealed that post-mortem fractures in dry bone samples featured the highest amount of OD, particularly of type 4. This study also found that the experimentally produced GST featured similar OD patterns to GST death cases. These findings support our hypothesis that there are distinct osteonal damage patterns in human long bones with BFT and GST, which are of relevant value for trauma analysis in forensic anthropology. 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