ca8377a25dcc10f9d5920b10e424ee45 pmc_10972025.pdf 7da103bfe92baa94755b3c109e0b60a06963b576 pmc_10972025.pdf 1934e32f3ca4b2dd775278fb355b14378867d747dd09a7586224dd171e0b3ae3 pmc_10972025.pdf Title: SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Anemia—A Focus on RBC Deformability and Membrane Proteomics—Integrated Observational Prospective Study Subject: Introduction: The multifaceted impact of COVID-19 extends beyond the respiratory system, encompassing intricate interactions with various physiological systems. This study elucidates the potential association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and anemia, with a particular emphasis on the deformability of red blood cells (RBCs), stability of hemoglobin, enzymatic activities, and proteomic profiles. Methods: The study encompasses a cohort of 74 individuals, including individuals positive for COVID-19, a control group, and patients with other viral infections to discern the specific effects attributable to COVID-19. The analysis of red blood cells was focused on deformability measured by osmotic gradient ektacytometry, hemoglobin stability, and glycolytic enzyme activity. Furthermore, membrane proteins were examined using advanced proteomics techniques to capture molecular-level changes. Results: Findings from the study suggest a correlation between anemia and exacerbated outcomes in COVID-19 patients, marked by significant elevations in d-dimer, serum procalcitonin, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. These observations suggest that chronic kidney disease (CKD) may play a role in the development of anemia in COVID-19 patients, particularly those of advanced age with comorbidities. Furthermore, the proteomic analyses have highlighted a complex relationship between omics data and RBC parameters, enriching our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the disease. Conclusions: This research substantiates the complex interrelationship between COVID-19 and anemia, with a specific emphasis on the potential repercussions of SARS-CoV-2 infection on RBCs. The findings contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the extensive impact of COVID-19 on RBCs. Keywords: COVID-19; anemia; red blood cells; membranopathies; enzymopathies; ektacytometry; proteomics Author: Angelo D’Alessandro, Elena Krisnevskaya, Valentina Leguizamon, Ines Hernández, Carolina de la Torre, Joan-Josep Bech, Josep-Tomàs Navarro and Joan-Lluis Vives-Corrons Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Mon Feb 26 11:21:40 2024 CET ModDate: Mon Feb 26 11:24:14 2024 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 15 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 8423808 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- PYZQKM+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 OHIYNA+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 EIAQYX+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 PHSHVO+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 23 0 AZUTVD+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 SIXRFS+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 46 0 RWBCRL+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 67 0 OVNEXW+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 74 0 PGDIEH+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 81 0 PGDIEI+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 84 0 PGDIEJ+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 90 0 PGDIFK+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 93 0 PGDJDG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 96 0 QLBIEB+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 106 0 FUOLLP+CMBSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 110 0 ABIPJJ+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 123 0 PGDIEH+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 134 0 PGDIEI+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 137 0 PGDIEJ+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 143 0 PGDIFK+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 146 0 PGDJDG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 149 0 PGDIEH+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 162 0 PGDIEI+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 165 0 PGDIEJ+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 171 0 PGDIFK+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 174 0 PGDJDG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 177 0 PGDIEH+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 185 0 PGDIEI+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 188 0 PGDIEJ+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 194 0 PGDIFK+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 197 0 PGDJDG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 200 0 PGDIEH+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 213 0 PGDIEI+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 216 0 PGDIEJ+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 222 0 PGDIFK+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 225 0 PGDJDG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 228 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-09-01 08:13:14 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_10972025.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-07-05 02:35:35 CEST Size: 8423808 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 416 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Patient Enrollment Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Hematological and Biochemical Parameters Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: RBC Deformability Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: RBC Membrane Proteins (Proteomics) Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: General Hematological Data, Iron Metabolism and Inflammation Parameters Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Hemoglobin Stability Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: RBC Enzyme Activities Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: RBC Deformability Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: RBC Membrane Proteins (Proteomics) Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Omics Correlates to Clinical, Hematological, and Deformability Parameters Destination: subsection.3.6 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Item: Title: References Destination: section.5 Info: Title: SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Anemia A Focus on RBC Deformability and Membrane Proteomics Integrated Observational Prospective Study Author: Angelo D’Alessandro, Elena Krisnevskaya, Valentina Leguizamon, Ines Hernández, Carolina de la Torre, Joan-Josep Bech, Josep-Tomàs Navarro and Joan-Lluis Vives-Corrons Subject: Introduction: The multifaceted impact of COVID-19 extends beyond the respiratory system, encompassing intricate interactions with various physiological systems. This study elucidates the potential association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and anemia, with a particular emphasis on the deformability of red blood cells (RBCs), stability of hemoglobin, enzymatic activities, and proteomic profiles. Methods: The study encompasses a cohort of 74 individuals, including individuals positive for COVID-19, a control group, and patients with other viral infections to discern the specific effects attributable to COVID-19. The analysis of red blood cells was focused on deformability measured by osmotic gradient ektacytometry, hemoglobin stability, and glycolytic enzyme activity. Furthermore, membrane proteins were examined using advanced proteomics techniques to capture molecular-level changes. Results: Findings from the study suggest a correlation between anemia and exacerbated outcomes in COVID-19 patients, marked by significant elevations in d-dimer, serum procalcitonin, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. These observations suggest that chronic kidney disease (CKD) may play a role in the development of anemia in COVID-19 patients, particularly those of advanced age with comorbidities. Furthermore, the proteomic analyses have highlighted a complex relationship between omics data and RBC parameters, enriching our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the disease. Conclusions: This research substantiates the complex interrelationship between COVID-19 and anemia, with a specific emphasis on the potential repercussions of SARS-CoV-2 infection on RBCs. The findings contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the extensive impact of COVID-19 on RBCs. 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