e22ca88a838a21f1a05152fd8205ee43 pmc_11122312.pdf 730f6567780217a20e081867eae4555642c037d2 pmc_11122312.pdf a3d5d4c47976a9e82eff92762d7e0ce271a02142e2e8687522adf435ac22702f pmc_11122312.pdf Title: Different Sensitivity of Flower-Visiting Diptera to a Neonicotinoid Insecticide: Expanding the Base for a Multiple-Species Risk Assessment Approach Subject: Insects play an essential role as pollinators of wild flowers and crops. At the same time, pollinators in agricultural environments are commonly exposed to pesticides, compromising their survival and the provision of pollination services. Although pollinators include a wide range of species from several insect orders, information on pesticide sensitivity is mostly restricted to bees. In addition, the disparity of methodological procedures used for different insect groups hinders the comparison of toxicity data between bees and other pollinators. Dipterans are a highly diverse insect order that includes some important pollinators. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the sensitivity of two hoverflies (Sphaerophoria rueppellii, Eristalinus aeneus) and one tachinid fly (Exorista larvarum) to a neonicotinoid insecticide (Confidor®, imidacloprid) following a comparative approach. We adapted the standardized methodology of acute contact exposure in honey bees to build dose–response curves and calculate median lethal doses (LD50) for the three species. The methodology consisted in applying 1 L of the test solution on the thorax of each insect. Sphaerophoria rueppelli was the most sensitive species (LD50 = 10.23 ng/insect), and E. aeneus (LD50 = 18,176 ng/insect) the least. We then compared our results with those available in the literature for other pollinator species using species sensitivity distribution (SSD). Based on the SSD curve, the 95th percentile of pollinator species would be protected by a safety factor of 100 times the Apis mellifera endpoint. Overall, dipterans were less sensitive to imidacloprid than most bee species. As opposed to most bee species, oviposition and fecundity of many dipteran species can be reliably assessed in the laboratory. We measured the number of eggs laid following exposure to different insecticide doses and assessed the potential trade-off between oviposition and survival through the sublethal sensitivity index (SSI). Exposure to imidacloprid had a significant effect on fecundity, and SSI values indicated that oviposition is a sensitive endpoint for the three dipteran species tested. Future studies should integrate this information related to population dynamics in simulation models for environmental risk assessment. Keywords: pollinators; Diptera; species sensitivity distribution; neonicotinoid pesticide; fecundity Author: Cátia Ariana Henriques Martins, Celeste Azpiazu, Jordi Bosch, Giovanni Burgio, Maria Luisa Dindo, Santolo Francati, Daniele Sommaggio and Fabio Sgolastra Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Wed May 8 10:36:57 2024 CEST ModDate: Wed May 8 10:58:52 2024 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 17 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1534655 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- CCUGLD+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 RFECCF+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 15 0 SXWNEU+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 19 0 AZLUVW+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 RXUDSV+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 AIQCCL+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 32 0 WRVHZY+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 50 0 OJYQXC+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 74 0 ZPGVCH+CMEX10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 84 0 JHYTSG+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 88 0 FHBIAZ+EURB7 Type 1 Builtin yes yes no 95 0 WBVKDJ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 99 0 PFMAPO+PalatinoLinotype,BoldItalic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 113 0 PFLOLC+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 116 0 PFLOLD+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 119 0 PFLOME+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 125 0 PFLOMG+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 128 0 PFLPCF+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 131 0 PFLOLC+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 146 0 PFLOLD+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 149 0 PFLOME+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 155 0 PFLOMF+PalatinoLinotype,Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 158 0 PFLOMG+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 164 0 PFLPCF+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 167 0 PFLOLC+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 200 0 PFLOLD+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 203 0 PFLOME+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 209 0 PFLOMG+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 212 0 PFLPCF+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 215 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-07-17 02:35:36 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_11122312.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-06-13 02:35:37 CEST Size: 1534655 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 589 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Species, Populations, and Test Conditions Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Imidacloprid Solutions Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Experimental Design, Exposure, and Mortality Assessment Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Sublethal Effect Assessment: Reproduction (Oviposition Rate and Fecundity) Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Ecotoxicological Data from Literature Destination: subsection.2.5 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.6 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Species Sensitivity Distribution: Mortality Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Sublethal Effects: Reproduction (Oviposition Rate and Fecundity) Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.A. Info: Title: Different Sensitivity of Flower-Visiting Diptera to a Neonicotinoid Insecticide: Expanding the Base for a Multiple-Species Risk Assessment Approach Author: Cátia Ariana Henriques Martins, Celeste Azpiazu, Jordi Bosch, Giovanni Burgio, Maria Luisa Dindo, Santolo Francati, Daniele Sommaggio and Fabio Sgolastra Subject: Insects play an essential role as pollinators of wild flowers and crops. At the same time, pollinators in agricultural environments are commonly exposed to pesticides, compromising their survival and the provision of pollination services. Although pollinators include a wide range of species from several insect orders, information on pesticide sensitivity is mostly restricted to bees. In addition, the disparity of methodological procedures used for different insect groups hinders the comparison of toxicity data between bees and other pollinators. Dipterans are a highly diverse insect order that includes some important pollinators. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the sensitivity of two hoverflies (Sphaerophoria rueppellii, Eristalinus aeneus) and one tachinid fly (Exorista larvarum) to a neonicotinoid insecticide (Confidor®, imidacloprid) following a comparative approach. We adapted the standardized methodology of acute contact exposure in honey bees to build dose response curves and calculate median lethal doses (LD50) for the three species. The methodology consisted in applying 1 L of the test solution on the thorax of each insect. Sphaerophoria rueppelli was the most sensitive species (LD50 = 10.23 ng/insect), and E. aeneus (LD50 = 18,176 ng/insect) the least. We then compared our results with those available in the literature for other pollinator species using species sensitivity distribution (SSD). Based on the SSD curve, the 95th percentile of pollinator species would be protected by a safety factor of 100 times the Apis mellifera endpoint. Overall, dipterans were less sensitive to imidacloprid than most bee species. As opposed to most bee species, oviposition and fecundity of many dipteran species can be reliably assessed in the laboratory. We measured the number of eggs laid following exposure to different insecticide doses and assessed the potential trade-off between oviposition and survival through the sublethal sensitivity index (SSI). Exposure to imidacloprid had a significant effect on fecundity, and SSI values indicated that oviposition is a sensitive endpoint for the three dipteran species tested. Future studies should integrate this information related to population dynamics in simulation models for environmental risk assessment. 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