448cc25eb7f139241a9ce00e8a6028a1 pmc_11202095.pdf 69e2b40c17cd816451546142cfc91ddf4f1f3125 pmc_11202095.pdf a6c69c2738b4bb39edd18927dec8d038ebd9d6e26ad9dabb2db38f2ca2725568 pmc_11202095.pdf Title: Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Sequelae in Long COVID-19 Infection Subject: Objective: To characterize the cognitive profile of long COVID-19 subjects and its possible association with clinical symptoms, emotional disturbance, biomarkers, and disease severity. Methods: We performed a single-center cross-sectional cohort study. Subjects between 20 and 60 years old with confirmed COVID-19 infection were included. The assessment was performed 6 months following hospital or ambulatory discharge. Excluded were those with prior neurocognitive impairment and severe neurological/neuropsychiatric disorders. Demographic and laboratory data were extracted from medical records. Results: Altogether, 108 participants were included, 64 were male (59.25%), and the mean age was 49.10 years. The patients were classified into four groups: non-hospitalized (NH, n = 10), hospitalized without Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or oxygen therapy (HOSPI, n = 21), hospitalized without ICU but with oxygen therapy (OXY, n = 56), and ICU (ICU, n = 21) patients. In total, 38 (35.18%) reported Subjective Cognitive Complaints (SCC). No differences were found considering illness severity between groups. Females had more persistent clinical symptoms and SCC than males. Persistent dyspnea and headache were associated with higher scores in anxiety and depression. Persistent fatigue, anxiety, and depression were associated with worse overall cognition. Conclusions: No cognitive impairment was found regarding the severity of post-COVID-19 infection. SCC was not associated with a worse cognitive performance, but with higher anxiety and depression. Persistent clinical symptoms were frequent independent of illness severity. Fatigue, anxiety, and depression were linked to poorer cognitive function. Tests for attention, processing speed, and executive function were the most sensitive in detecting cognitive changes in these patients. Keywords: long COVID-19; neurocognitive sequelae; persistent symptoms Author: Marta Almeria, Juan Carlos Cejudo, Joan Deus and Jerzy Krupinski Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Fri Jun 14 12:44:52 2024 CEST ModDate: Fri Jun 14 12:46:41 2024 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 20 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 487443 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- HLDHDX+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 ADPBQJ+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 CXWVJG+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 VNBNHR+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 SLUQMQ+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 43 0 VDNGGL+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 63 0 ICOPLI+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 102 0 ICOPLJ+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 108 0 ICOPLK+PalatinoLinotype-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 111 0 ICOPLL+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 117 0 ICOPLM+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 120 0 ICOPMN+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 126 0 ICPAFM+TimesNewRomanPSMT TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 129 0 CRUZTT+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 169 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-09-01 08:12:41 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_11202095.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-07-18 02:30:13 CEST Size: 487443 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 471 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Study Design and Participants Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Data Collection and Definitions Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Demographic and Clinical Characteristics Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Neuropsychological Findings Destination: subsection.3.2 Children: Item: Title: Neuropsychological Results Depending on the Severity of the Disease Destination: subsubsection.3.2.1 Item: Title: Neuropsychological Results Based on Cognitive Complaints Destination: subsubsection.3.2.2 Item: Title: Neuropsychological Results Based on Clinical Symptoms Destination: subsubsection.3.2.3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Neuropsychological Outcomes Destination: subsection.4.1 Children: Item: Title: Illness Severity Destination: subsubsection.4.1.1 Item: Title: Subjective Cognitive Complaints Destination: subsubsection.4.1.2 Item: Title: Initial and Persistent Clinical Symptoms Destination: subsubsection.4.1.3 Item: Title: Limitations Destination: section.5 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.6 Item: Title: References Destination: section.7 Info: Title: Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Sequelae in Long COVID-19 Infection Author: Marta Almeria, Juan Carlos Cejudo, Joan Deus and Jerzy Krupinski Subject: Objective: To characterize the cognitive profile of long COVID-19 subjects and its possible association with clinical symptoms, emotional disturbance, biomarkers, and disease severity. Methods: We performed a single-center cross-sectional cohort study. Subjects between 20 and 60 years old with confirmed COVID-19 infection were included. The assessment was performed 6 months following hospital or ambulatory discharge. Excluded were those with prior neurocognitive impairment and severe neurological/neuropsychiatric disorders. Demographic and laboratory data were extracted from medical records. Results: Altogether, 108 participants were included, 64 were male (59.25%), and the mean age was 49.10 years. The patients were classified into four groups: non-hospitalized (NH, n = 10), hospitalized without Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or oxygen therapy (HOSPI, n = 21), hospitalized without ICU but with oxygen therapy (OXY, n = 56), and ICU (ICU, n = 21) patients. In total, 38 (35.18%) reported Subjective Cognitive Complaints (SCC). No differences were found considering illness severity between groups. Females had more persistent clinical symptoms and SCC than males. Persistent dyspnea and headache were associated with higher scores in anxiety and depression. Persistent fatigue, anxiety, and depression were associated with worse overall cognition. Conclusions: No cognitive impairment was found regarding the severity of post-COVID-19 infection. SCC was not associated with a worse cognitive performance, but with higher anxiety and depression. Persistent clinical symptoms were frequent independent of illness severity. Fatigue, anxiety, and depression were linked to poorer cognitive function. Tests for attention, processing speed, and executive function were the most sensitive in detecting cognitive changes in these patients. 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