0eab6b59cc3ef28eb7819d9dc576c6a9 pmc_11275623.pdf 235f4599deb721242f826d09536dd2da3309fd2b pmc_11275623.pdf f26d3a32139eee7d4c20f30dba86194b6fb7fcefc1f4b145c419634c5bf3ba89 pmc_11275623.pdf Title: Comparison of Gamma-Oryzanol Nanoemulsions Fabricated by Different High Energy Techniques Subject: Gamma-oryzanol (GO) is a bioactive compound that, due to its biological characteristics, can be added to a food matrix. However, the bioactive compound is difficult to incorporate due to its low solubility and stability. A nanoemulsion allows substances to be packaged in nanometric sizes, improving their bioavailability. In this work, a GO nanoemulsion was developed using high-energy techniques. The methodological process began with the formulation of the coarse emulsion, where the emulsifiers (sodium caseinate and citrus pectin), diluent (rice bran oil), and pH were varied to find the most stable formulation. The coarse emulsion was subjected to four high-energy techniques (conventional homogenization, high-pressure homogenization, ultra-high-pressure homogenization, and ultrasonication) to reduce the droplet size. A physical-stability test, rheological-behavior test, image analysis, and particle-size-and-distribution test were conducted to determine which was the best technique. The formulation with the highest stability (pH 5.3) was composed of 87% water, 6.1% sodium caseinate, 0.6% citrus pectin, 6.1% rice bran oil, and 0.2% GO. The ultrasonic treatment obtains the smallest particle size (30.1 1 nm), and the high-pressure treatment obtains the greatest stability (TSI < 0.3), both at 0 and 7 days of storage. High-energy treatments significantly reduce the droplet size of the emulsion, with important differences between each technique. Keywords: ultrasonication; microfluidizer; UHPH; nanoemulsion; stability; rheology Author: Rodrigo Jaime-Báez, Jordi Saldo and Rosalía América González-Soto Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Thu Jul 25 08:36:08 2024 CEST ModDate: Thu Jul 25 09:31:29 2024 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 17 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 3313881 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- IOJCNK+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 JQUWPT+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 TJWRYM+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 ZPLCNY+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 YLDNZQ+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 32 0 OECJXL+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 37 0 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KEFNJM+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 368 0 KEFOJH+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 371 0 KEFPMD+Calibri CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 397 0 KEGAAC+Arial CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 403 0 KEFNJI+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 409 0 KEFNJK+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 412 0 KEFNJM+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 415 0 KEFOJH+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 418 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-09-19 02:49:30 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_11275623.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-09-18 02:31:16 CEST Size: 3313881 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 598 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Coarse Emulsion Preparation Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: High-Energy Treatments and Characterization Destination: subsection.2.2 Children: Item: Title: Conventional Homogenization Destination: subsubsection.2.2.1 Item: Title: Ultrasonication Destination: subsubsection.2.2.2 Item: Title: High-Pressure Homogenization Destination: subsubsection.2.2.3 Item: Title: Ultra-High-Pressure Homogenization Destination: subsubsection.2.2.4 Item: Title: Physical Stability of Untreated and High Energy Treated Emulsions Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Particle Size and Distribution Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Rheological Properties Destination: subsection.2.5 Item: Title: Image and Morphology Analysis: Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Destination: subsection.2.6 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.7 Item: Title: Results and Discussion Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Coarse Emulsion Physical Stability Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Particle Size and Distribution Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Rheological Properties Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Image Analysis of Emulsion With and Without High-Energy Treatment by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Physical Stability of High-Energy Treated Emulsions Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.4 Item: Title: References Destination: section.5 Info: Title: Comparison of Gamma-Oryzanol Nanoemulsions Fabricated by Different High Energy Techniques Author: Rodrigo Jaime-Báez, Jordi Saldo and Rosalía América González-Soto Subject: Gamma-oryzanol (GO) is a bioactive compound that, due to its biological characteristics, can be added to a food matrix. However, the bioactive compound is difficult to incorporate due to its low solubility and stability. A nanoemulsion allows substances to be packaged in nanometric sizes, improving their bioavailability. In this work, a GO nanoemulsion was developed using high-energy techniques. The methodological process began with the formulation of the coarse emulsion, where the emulsifiers (sodium caseinate and citrus pectin), diluent (rice bran oil), and pH were varied to find the most stable formulation. The coarse emulsion was subjected to four high-energy techniques (conventional homogenization, high-pressure homogenization, ultra-high-pressure homogenization, and ultrasonication) to reduce the droplet size. A physical-stability test, rheological-behavior test, image analysis, and particle-size-and-distribution test were conducted to determine which was the best technique. The formulation with the highest stability (pH 5.3) was composed of 87% water, 6.1% sodium caseinate, 0.6% citrus pectin, 6.1% rice bran oil, and 0.2% GO. The ultrasonic treatment obtains the smallest particle size (30.1 1 nm), and the high-pressure treatment obtains the greatest stability (TSI < 0.3), both at 0 and 7 days of storage. High-energy treatments significantly reduce the droplet size of the emulsion, with important differences between each technique. 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