c505e9786c99a8cf9bc682a36d578531 pmc_11314795.pdf 090a5b8d680f3e534237cf8d597c3416cac5c083 pmc_11314795.pdf 6b945ee975e61cdbb35b73fddbe878270066a48e94e66d55967c90ef3b7cc56a pmc_11314795.pdf Title: High-Resolution Ultrasound Platform for Infant Meningitis Detection: An In Vitro Demonstration Subject: Infant meningitis remains a severe burden on global health, particularly for young infants. Traditional ultrasound imaging techniques are limited in spatial resolution to visualize white blood cells (WBCs) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is considered a well-established marker for meningitis detection. This work presents a novel platform that uses high-resolution ultrasound to detect the backscatter signals from microscopic CSF WBCs through the anterior fontanelle of neonates and young infants. The whole system was built around a custom probe that allows for a 20 MHz focused transducer to be mechanically controlled to map the area of interest in the CSF. Data processing can be performed internally in the device without the need to extract the images for further analysis. The in vitro feasibility of the proposed solution was evaluated in imaging 7 m particle suspensions at different concentrations relevant to meningitis diagnosis ranging from 7- to 646-particles (pp)/L. The experimental tests were conducted from a simple setup using a sample container to a more realistic setup based on an anatomical phantom of the neonatal head. The results show high-quality images, where 7 m particles can be resolved for the different concentrations. Keywords: ultrasound; white blood cells; high resolution; detection; microscopy; cerebrospinal fluid; meningitis Author: Manuel Navarrete, David Castells-Rufas, Hassane Baghdad Kichou, Guillermo Navarro-Patron, Javier Jimenez and Jordi Carrabina Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Wed Jul 24 02:49:13 2024 CEST ModDate: Wed Jul 24 03:08:56 2024 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 16 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 3544311 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- OVNEXW+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 10 0 UKPDXP+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 15 0 CJMVER+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 21 0 HZCGFA+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 26 0 RVSEMT+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 43 0 MPUDFL+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 75 0 JHYTSG+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 80 0 EAZYED+PazoMath-Italic Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 85 0 BAAAAA+Arial-BoldMT CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 101 0 AAAAAA+ArialMT CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 106 0 AAAAAA+ArialMT CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 132 0 AAAAAA+ArialMT CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 141 0 AAAAAA+Arial-BoldMT CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 153 0 BMQQDV+DejaVuSans Type 3 Custom yes yes no 168 0 BMQQDV+DejaVuSans Type 3 Custom yes yes no 200 0 BMQQDV+DejaVuSans Type 3 Custom yes yes no 232 0 BMQQDV+DejaVuSans Type 3 Custom yes yes no 264 0 BMQQDV+DejaVuSans Type 3 Custom yes yes no 296 0 BMQQDV+DejaVuSans Type 3 Custom yes yes no 328 0 BMQQDV+DejaVuSans Type 3 Custom yes yes no 360 0 BMQQDV+DejaVuSans Type 3 Custom yes yes no 392 0 BMQQDV+DejaVuSans Type 3 Custom yes yes no 428 0 BMQQDV+DejaVuSans Type 3 Custom yes yes no 460 0 BMQQDV+DejaVuSans Type 3 Custom yes yes no 492 0 BMQQDV+DejaVuSans Type 3 Custom yes yes no 524 0 BMQQDV+DejaVuSans Type 3 Custom yes yes no 556 0 BMQQDV+DejaVuSans Type 3 Custom yes yes no 588 0 BMQQDV+DejaVuSans Type 3 Custom yes yes no 620 0 BMQQDV+DejaVuSans Type 3 Custom yes yes no 652 0 BMQQDV+DejaVuSans Type 3 Custom yes yes no 694 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-09-26 02:47:03 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_11314795.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-09-18 02:31:12 CEST Size: 3544311 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 903 FreeObjects: 18 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Children: Item: Title: Related Work Destination: subsection.1.1 Item: Title: Promising New Solution for Early Detection of Infant Meningitis Destination: subsection.1.2 Item: Title: Challenges in CSF White Blood Cells Detection through the Fontanelle of Infants Using Conventional Ultrasound Imaging Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Depth Attenuation Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Resolution Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: System Design and Implementation Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Design Considerations Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Architecture and Components Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: System Functionality Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Implementation Details Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Experiments and Results Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Setup 1 Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Setup 2 Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.5 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.6 Item: Title: Patents Destination: section.7 Item: Title: References Destination: section.8 Info: Title: High-Resolution Ultrasound Platform for Infant Meningitis Detection: An In Vitro Demonstration Author: Manuel Navarrete, David Castells-Rufas, Hassane Baghdad Kichou, Guillermo Navarro-Patron, Javier Jimenez and Jordi Carrabina Subject: Infant meningitis remains a severe burden on global health, particularly for young infants. Traditional ultrasound imaging techniques are limited in spatial resolution to visualize white blood cells (WBCs) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is considered a well-established marker for meningitis detection. This work presents a novel platform that uses high-resolution ultrasound to detect the backscatter signals from microscopic CSF WBCs through the anterior fontanelle of neonates and young infants. The whole system was built around a custom probe that allows for a 20 MHz focused transducer to be mechanically controlled to map the area of interest in the CSF. Data processing can be performed internally in the device without the need to extract the images for further analysis. The in vitro feasibility of the proposed solution was evaluated in imaging 7 m particle suspensions at different concentrations relevant to meningitis diagnosis ranging from 7- to 646-particles (pp)/L. The experimental tests were conducted from a simple setup using a sample container to a more realistic setup based on an anatomical phantom of the neonatal head. The results show high-quality images, where 7 m particles can be resolved for the different concentrations. 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