628940202959123c3341718b19a337a6 pmc_11357167.pdf 30292e4188dfaec17ee9378306664230e4c621ee pmc_11357167.pdf 82474b453358c97d54335f491b08a52b44b1c25625923ad0c950c006ca5f01d5 pmc_11357167.pdf Title: Long Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Sequelaein Participants with Post-COVID-19 Infection:A Longitudinal Study Subject: Objective: To evaluate and characterize the cognitive changes in COVID-19 participants at 6-month follow-up, and to explore a possible association with clinical symptoms, emotional disturbance and disease severity. Methods: This single-center longitudinal cohort study included participants aged 20 and 60 years old to exclude cognitive impairment age-associated with confirmed COVID-19 infection. The initial evaluation occurred 10 to 30 days after hospital or ambulatory discharge, with a subsequent follow-up at 6 months. Patients who had a history of cognitive impairment, neurological conditions, or serious psychiatric disorders were not included. Information on demographics and laboratory results was gathered from medical records. Cognitive outcomes were assessed with a neuropsychological battery including attention, verbal and visual memory, language and executive function tests. Results: A total of 200 participants were included in the study, and 108 completed the follow-up visit. At the 6-month follow-up, comparing the means from baseline with those of the follow-up evaluation, significant overall improvement was observed in verbal and visual memory subtests (p = 0.001), processing speed (p = 0.001), executive function (p = 0.028; p = 0.016) and naming (p = 0.001), independently of disease severity and cognitive complaints. Anxiety and depression were significantly higher in groups with Subjective Cognitive Complaints (SCC) compared to those without (p < 0.01 for both). Conclusions: Persistent symptoms are common regardless of disease severity and are often linked to cognitive complaints. Six months after COVID-19, the most frequently reported symptoms included headache, dyspnea, fatigue, cognitive complaints, anxiety, and depression. No cognitive impairment was found to be associated with the severity of COVID-19. Overall, neuropsychological and psychopathological improvement was observed at 6 months regardless of disease severity and cognitive complaints. Keywords: long COVID-19; cognition; subjective cognitive complaints; persistent symptoms Author: Marta Almeria, Juan Carlos Cejudo, Joan Deus and Jerzy Krupinski Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Fri Aug 16 13:25:56 2024 CEST ModDate: Fri Aug 16 13:31:14 2024 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 16 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 534419 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- YQQDGS+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 GANHPC+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 ZUMIDX+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 MTILIG+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 JDUPKS+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 64 0 OMCDEH+PalatinoLinotype-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 78 0 OMCDFH+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 84 0 OMCDFI+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 90 0 OMCDFJ+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 96 0 OMCDFK+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 99 0 OMCDGL+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 102 0 OMCDJL+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 105 0 URYLRZ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 121 0 YRTOBX+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 142 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-02-06 02:48:49 CET RepresentationInformation: pmc_11357167.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-09-18 02:30:47 CEST Size: 534419 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 314 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Study Design and Participants Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Data Collection and Definitions Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Demographic and Clinical Characteristics Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Neuropsychological Findings Destination: subsection.3.2 Children: Item: Title: Neuropsychological Results Depending on the Severity of the Disease Destination: subsubsection.3.2.1 Item: Title: Neuropsychological Results Based on Cognitive Complaints Destination: subsubsection.3.2.2 Item: Title: Neuropsychological Results Based on Clinical Symptoms Destination: subsubsection.3.2.3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Neuropsychological Outcomes Destination: subsection.4.1 Children: Item: Title: Illness Severity Destination: subsubsection.4.1.1 Item: Title: Subjective Cognitive Complaints Destination: subsubsection.4.1.2 Item: Title: Persistent Clinical Symptoms on Follow-Up Destination: subsubsection.4.1.3 Item: Title: Limitations Destination: section.5 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.6 Item: Title: References Destination: appendix.A. Info: Title: Long Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Sequelaein Participants with Post-COVID-19 Infection:A Longitudinal Study Author: Marta Almeria, Juan Carlos Cejudo, Joan Deus and Jerzy Krupinski Subject: Objective: To evaluate and characterize the cognitive changes in COVID-19 participants at 6-month follow-up, and to explore a possible association with clinical symptoms, emotional disturbance and disease severity. Methods: This single-center longitudinal cohort study included participants aged 20 and 60 years old to exclude cognitive impairment age-associated with confirmed COVID-19 infection. The initial evaluation occurred 10 to 30 days after hospital or ambulatory discharge, with a subsequent follow-up at 6 months. Patients who had a history of cognitive impairment, neurological conditions, or serious psychiatric disorders were not included. Information on demographics and laboratory results was gathered from medical records. Cognitive outcomes were assessed with a neuropsychological battery including attention, verbal and visual memory, language and executive function tests. Results: A total of 200 participants were included in the study, and 108 completed the follow-up visit. At the 6-month follow-up, comparing the means from baseline with those of the follow-up evaluation, significant overall improvement was observed in verbal and visual memory subtests (p = 0.001), processing speed (p = 0.001), executive function (p = 0.028; p = 0.016) and naming (p = 0.001), independently of disease severity and cognitive complaints. Anxiety and depression were significantly higher in groups with Subjective Cognitive Complaints (SCC) compared to those without (p < 0.01 for both). Conclusions: Persistent symptoms are common regardless of disease severity and are often linked to cognitive complaints. Six months after COVID-19, the most frequently reported symptoms included headache, dyspnea, fatigue, cognitive complaints, anxiety, and depression. No cognitive impairment was found to be associated with the severity of COVID-19. Overall, neuropsychological and psychopathological improvement was observed at 6 months regardless of disease severity and cognitive complaints. 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