fc71a849f0bf93f353bb5c4ab28602e4  pmc_11359677.pdf
f7cb748ebbe85bd6ec3890f2f4f7e835865d0c2c  pmc_11359677.pdf
203c8f1d871950337bdca52a52908269ce54960167496cf560040c2a698c4736  pmc_11359677.pdf

Title:           Walking on Virtual Surface Patterns Leads to Changed Control Strategies
Subject:         Inclusive design does not stop at removing physical obstacles such as staircases. It also involves identifying architectural features that impose sensory burdens, such as repetitive visual patterns that are known to potentially cause dizziness or visual discomfort. In order to assess their influence on human gait and its stability, three repetitive patterns—random dots, repetitive stripes, and repetitive waves (Lisbon pattern)—were displayed in a coloured and greyscale variant in a virtual reality (VR) environment. The movements of eight participants were recorded using a motion capture system and electromyography (EMG). During all test conditions, a significant increase in the muscular activity of leg flexor muscles was identified just before touchdown. Further, an increase in the activity of laterally stabilising muscles during the swing phase was observed for all of the test conditions. The lateral and vertical centre of mass (CoM) deviation was statistically evaluated using a linear mixed model (LMM). The patterns did cause a significant increase in the CoM excursion in the vertical direction but not in the lateral direction. These findings are indicative of an inhibited and more cautious gait style and a change in control strategy. Furthermore, we quantified the induced discomfort by using both algorithmic estimates and self-reports. The Fourier-based methods favoured the greyscaled random dots over repetitive stripes. The colour metric favoured the striped pattern over the random dots. The participants reported that the wavey Lisbon pattern was the most disruptive. For architectural and structural design, this study indicates (1) that highly repetitive patterns should be used with care in consideration of their impact on the human visuomotor system and its behavioural effects and(2) that coloured patterns should be used with greater caution than greyscale patterns.
Keywords:        human gait; biomechanics; architecture; perception; pattern; illusion; virtual reality (VR); inclusive design; structural design; visual perturbations
Author:          Maximilian Stasica, Celine Honekamp, Kai Streiling, Olivier Penacchio, Loes van Dam, André Seyfarth
Creator:         LaTeX with hyperref
Producer:        pdfTeX-1.40.25
CreationDate:    Tue Aug 13 16:45:52 2024 CEST
ModDate:         Tue Aug 13 16:48:44 2024 CEST
Custom Metadata: no
Metadata Stream: no
Tagged:          no
UserProperties:  no
Suspects:        no
Form:            none
JavaScript:      no
Pages:           15
Encrypted:       no
Page size:       595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4)
Page rot:        0
File size:       7109963 bytes
Optimized:       no
PDF version:     1.7


name                                 type              encoding         emb sub uni object ID
------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- ---------
TQCMBT+URWPalladioL-Bold             Type 1            Custom           yes yes yes     10  0
ZBPWHC+URWPalladioL-Roma             Type 1            Custom           yes yes yes     16  0
VXPPBT+URWPalladioL-Ital             Type 1            Custom           yes yes yes     21  0
RVSEMT+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT  Type 1C           WinAnsi          yes yes no      40  0
OVNEXW+EURM10                        Type 1            Builtin          yes yes yes     62  0
JHYTSG+CMR10                         Type 1            Builtin          yes yes yes     67  0
PPVFMK+PazoMath-Italic               Type 1            Builtin          yes yes yes     72  0
SOSCBV+CMSY10                        Type 1            Builtin          yes yes yes     92  0


Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18)
 Date: 2025-04-12 02:41:21 CEST
 RepresentationInformation: pmc_11359677.pdf
  ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16)
  LastModified: 2025-04-11 05:18:56 CEST
  Size: 7109963
  Format: PDF
  Version: 1.7
  Status: Well-Formed and valid
  SignatureMatches:
   PDF-hul
  MIMEtype: application/pdf
  PDFMetadata: 
   Objects: 351
   FreeObjects: 1
   IncrementalUpdates: 0
   DocumentCatalog: 
    PageLayout: SinglePage
    PageMode: UseNone
    Outlines: 
     Item: 
      Title: Introduction
      Destination: section.1
     Item: 
      Title: Materials and Methods
      Destination: section.2
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Participants
        Destination: subsection.2.1
       Item: 
        Title: Measurement Equipment
        Destination: subsection.2.2
       Item: 
        Title: Sensor and Marker Placement
        Destination: subsection.2.3
       Item: 
        Title: Measurement Protocol
        Destination: subsection.2.4
       Item: 
        Title: Data Processing
        Destination: subsection.2.5
       Item: 
        Title: Algorithmic Estimation of Visual Disturbance
        Destination: subsection.2.6
     Item: 
      Title: Results
      Destination: section.3
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Muscular Activity
        Destination: subsection.3.1
       Item: 
        Title: Lateral and Vertical CoM Deviation
        Destination: subsection.3.2
       Item: 
        Title: Uncomfortableness Metric
        Destination: subsection.3.3
       Item: 
        Title: Comparison of the Metric to Human Data
        Destination: subsection.3.4
     Item: 
      Title: Discussion
      Destination: section.4
     Item: 
      Title: Conclusions
      Destination: section.5
     Item: 
      Title: References
      Destination: section.6
   Info: 
    Title: Walking on Virtual Surface Patterns Leads to Changed Control Strategies
    Author: Maximilian Stasica, Celine Honekamp, Kai Streiling, Olivier Penacchio, Loes van Dam, André Seyfarth
    Subject: Inclusive design does not stop at removing physical obstacles such as staircases. It also involves identifying architectural features that impose sensory burdens, such as repetitive visual patterns that are known to potentially cause dizziness or visual discomfort. In order to assess their influence on human gait and its stability, three repetitive patterns random dots, repetitive stripes, and repetitive waves (Lisbon pattern) were displayed in a coloured and greyscale variant in a virtual reality (VR) environment. The movements of eight participants were recorded using a motion capture system and electromyography (EMG). During all test conditions, a significant increase in the muscular activity of leg flexor muscles was identified just before touchdown. Further, an increase in the activity of laterally stabilising muscles during the swing phase was observed for all of the test conditions. The lateral and vertical centre of mass (CoM) deviation was statistically evaluated using a linear mixed model (LMM). The patterns did cause a significant increase in the CoM excursion in the vertical direction but not in the lateral direction. These findings are indicative of an inhibited and more cautious gait style and a change in control strategy. Furthermore, we quantified the induced discomfort by using both algorithmic estimates and self-reports. The Fourier-based methods favoured the greyscaled random dots over repetitive stripes. The colour metric favoured the striped pattern over the random dots. The participants reported that the wavey Lisbon pattern was the most disruptive. For architectural and structural design, this study indicates (1) that highly repetitive patterns should be used with care in consideration of their impact on the human visuomotor system and its behavioural effects and(2) that coloured patterns should be used with greater caution than greyscale patterns.
    Keywords: human gait; biomechanics; architecture; perception; pattern; illusion; virtual reality (VR); inclusive design; structural design; visual perturbations
    Creator: LaTeX with hyperref
    Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25
    CreationDate: Tue Aug 13 16:45:52 CEST 2024
    ModDate: Tue Aug 13 16:48:44 CEST 2024
   ID: 0x35ecae68fda7e18b6e3b58e7b987a761, 0x35ecae68fda7e18b6e3b58e7b987a761
   Filters: 
    FilterPipeline: FlateDecode
   Images: 
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 550
      ImageHeight: 551
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 625
      ImageHeight: 625
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 751
      ImageHeight: 751
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 751
      ImageHeight: 751
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 751
      ImageHeight: 751
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 700
      ImageHeight: 700
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 3328
      ImageHeight: 2186
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 1601
      ImageHeight: 926
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 1607
      ImageHeight: 926
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 1693
      ImageHeight: 926
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 1677
      ImageHeight: 926
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 1657
      ImageHeight: 926
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 713
      ImageHeight: 342
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 1677
      ImageHeight: 926
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 1671
      ImageHeight: 926
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 1685
      ImageHeight: 926
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 1681
      ImageHeight: 926
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 1677
      ImageHeight: 926
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 3677
      ImageHeight: 2442
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 3681
      ImageHeight: 2442
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 3707
      ImageHeight: 2341
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
    Image: 
     NisoImageMetadata: 
      FormatName: image/png
      ImageWidth: 3566
      ImageHeight: 2261
      ColorSpace: RGB
      BitsPerSample: 8
      BitsPerSampleUnit: integer
     Filter: FlateDecode
   Fonts: 
    Type1: 
     Font: 
      BaseFont: ZBPWHC+URWPalladioL-Roma
      FontSubset: true
      FirstChar: 2
      LastChar: 252
      FontDescriptor: 
       FontName: ZBPWHC+URWPalladioL-Roma
       Flags: Symbolic
       FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943
       FontFile: true
      EncodingDictionary: 
       Differences: true
      ToUnicode: true
     Font: 
      BaseFont: JHYTSG+CMR10
      FontSubset: true
      FirstChar: 61
      LastChar: 61
      FontDescriptor: 
       FontName: JHYTSG+CMR10
       Flags: Symbolic
       FontBBox: -40, -250, 1009, 750
       FontFile: true
      ToUnicode: true
     Font: 
      BaseFont: VXPPBT+URWPalladioL-Ital
      FontSubset: true
      FirstChar: 45
      LastChar: 231
      FontDescriptor: 
       FontName: VXPPBT+URWPalladioL-Ital
       Flags: Symbolic
       FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941
       FontFile: true
      EncodingDictionary: 
       Differences: true
      ToUnicode: true
     Font: 
      BaseFont: PPVFMK+PazoMath-Italic
      FontSubset: true
      FirstChar: 98
      LastChar: 115
      FontDescriptor: 
       FontName: PPVFMK+PazoMath-Italic
       Flags: Symbolic
       FontBBox: -70, -277, 902, 733
       FontFile: true
      ToUnicode: true
     Font: 
      BaseFont: TQCMBT+URWPalladioL-Bold
      FontSubset: true
      FirstChar: 3
      LastChar: 233
      FontDescriptor: 
       FontName: TQCMBT+URWPalladioL-Bold
       Flags: Symbolic
       FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935
       FontFile: true
      EncodingDictionary: 
       Differences: true
      ToUnicode: true
     Font: 
      BaseFont: SOSCBV+CMSY10
      FontSubset: true
      FirstChar: 0
      LastChar: 2
      FontDescriptor: 
       FontName: SOSCBV+CMSY10
       Flags: Symbolic
       FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775
       FontFile: true
      ToUnicode: true
     Font: 
      BaseFont: OVNEXW+EURM10
      FontSubset: true
      FirstChar: 22
      LastChar: 22
      FontDescriptor: 
       FontName: OVNEXW+EURM10
       Flags: Symbolic
       FontBBox: -32, -243, 1060, 720
       FontFile: true
      ToUnicode: true
   Pages: 
    Page: 
     Sequence: 1
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 54, 281, 152, 290
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 34, 271, 67, 278
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 34, 164, 96, 186
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 125, 90, 154, 99
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 34, 78, 149, 87
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 34, 757, 153, 793
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 515, 757, 560, 793
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 134, 661, 146, 674
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 239, 661, 250, 674
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 318, 661, 329, 674
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 420, 661, 431, 674
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 505, 661, 516, 674
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 131, 648, 142, 662
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 418, 206, 425, 215
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 537, 206, 544, 215
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 255, 143, 262, 152
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 263, 143, 270, 152
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 549, 118, 556, 127
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 548, 105, 555, 114
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 269, 68, 276, 76
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 113, 17, 241, 28
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 410, 17, 560, 28
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 34, 354, 87, 373
    Page: 
     Sequence: 2
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 470, 731, 477, 740
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 212, 643, 219, 652
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 220, 643, 232, 652
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 429, 593, 436, 602
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 206, 555, 218, 564
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 500, 543, 512, 552
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 281, 530, 293, 539
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 296, 530, 308, 539
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 403, 505, 410, 514
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 232, 492, 244, 501
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 424, 480, 435, 489
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 215, 455, 227, 464
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 307, 455, 319, 464
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 304, 379, 316, 388
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 319, 379, 331, 388
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 408, 367, 420, 376
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 225, 342, 237, 351
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 504, 317, 516, 326
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 493, 254, 505, 263
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 526, 241, 538, 250
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 299, 229, 311, 238
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 451, 216, 463, 225
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 195, 188, 202, 200
       ActionDest: 58
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 307, 191, 319, 200
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 428, 191, 440, 200
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 440, 191, 452, 200
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 233, 178, 245, 188
       ActionDest: 154
    Page: 
     Sequence: 3
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 524, 407, 536, 416
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 252, 395, 264, 404
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 264, 395, 276, 404
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 402, 395, 414, 404
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 307, 382, 319, 391
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 451, 382, 463, 391
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 494, 382, 506, 391
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 225, 357, 237, 366
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 295, 345, 307, 354
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 308, 345, 320, 354
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 363, 319, 375, 329
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 295, 269, 307, 278
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 367, 269, 379, 278
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 401, 244, 408, 253
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 408, 244, 415, 253
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 416, 244, 428, 253
       ActionDest: 157
    Page: 
     Sequence: 4
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 287, 693, 299, 702
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 342, 580, 354, 589
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 386, 515, 393, 527
       ActionDest: 58
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 464, 490, 471, 502
       ActionDest: 58
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 219, 467, 231, 476
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 312, 465, 318, 477
       ActionDest: 58
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 548, 439, 555, 451
       ActionDest: 58
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 425, 213, 432, 225
       ActionDest: 97
    Page: 
     Sequence: 5
    Page: 
     Sequence: 6
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 443, 718, 455, 727
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 551, 615, 558, 627
       ActionDest: 58
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 355, 530, 367, 539
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 530, 479, 542, 489
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 363, 442, 375, 451
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 222, 404, 234, 413
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 219, 366, 231, 376
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 487, 203, 499, 212
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 499, 203, 511, 212
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 460, 165, 472, 174
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 361, 150, 368, 162
       ActionDest: 104
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 341, 112, 348, 124
       ActionDest: 104
    Page: 
     Sequence: 7
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 215, 498, 226, 507
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 210, 130, 217, 142
       ActionDest: 97
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 287, 96, 294, 104
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 294, 96, 301, 104
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 552, 93, 559, 105
       ActionDest: 114
    Page: 
     Sequence: 8
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 479, 706, 486, 715
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 487, 706, 494, 715
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 485, 618, 497, 627
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 270, 568, 282, 577
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 504, 477, 511, 489
       ActionDest: 135
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 530, 477, 537, 489
       ActionDest: 142
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 363, 328, 375, 338
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 361, 313, 368, 325
       ActionDest: 104
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 323, 278, 335, 287
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 461, 263, 468, 275
       ActionDest: 104
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 530, 162, 537, 174
       ActionDest: 104
    Page: 
     Sequence: 9
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 352, 135, 358, 143
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 358, 135, 365, 143
       ActionDest: 154
    Page: 
     Sequence: 10
    Page: 
     Sequence: 11
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 215, 128, 222, 137
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 222, 128, 229, 137
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 230, 128, 242, 137
       ActionDest: 157
    Page: 
     Sequence: 12
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 379, 656, 391, 665
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 487, 631, 499, 639
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 337, 593, 349, 602
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 349, 593, 361, 602
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 452, 580, 464, 589
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 532, 517, 544, 526
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 544, 518, 556, 526
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 315, 439, 322, 451
       ActionDest: 104
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 215, 402, 222, 414
       ActionDest: 104
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 429, 329, 441, 338
       ActionDest: 157
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 364, 254, 376, 263
       ActionDest: 154
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 246, 241, 258, 250
       ActionDest: 157
    Page: 
     Sequence: 13
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 192, 681, 204, 690
       ActionDest: 157
    Page: 
     Sequence: 14
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 147, 577, 560, 588
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 56, 565, 154, 576
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 148, 486, 186, 496
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 59, 463, 96, 473
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 102, 463, 138, 473
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 108, 405, 146, 415
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 152, 405, 188, 415
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 463, 393, 500, 404
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 178, 371, 216, 381
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 222, 371, 258, 381
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 396, 289, 434, 300
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 440, 289, 476, 300
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 345, 266, 383, 277
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 389, 266, 425, 277
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 269, 243, 307, 254
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 258, 220, 296, 231
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 302, 220, 338, 231
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 59, 198, 96, 208
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 59, 175, 96, 185
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 102, 175, 138, 185
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 316, 151, 353, 162
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 360, 151, 396, 162
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 59, 118, 96, 128
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 102, 118, 138, 128
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 519, 105, 557, 116
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 59, 95, 95, 105
    Page: 
     Sequence: 15
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 179, 707, 216, 718
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 223, 707, 259, 718
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 479, 683, 516, 694
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 521, 683, 557, 694
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 316, 660, 353, 671
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 360, 660, 396, 671
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 350, 614, 387, 625
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 394, 614, 430, 625
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 442, 580, 521, 591
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 207, 545, 351, 556
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 467, 522, 504, 533
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 511, 522, 547, 533
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 351, 499, 389, 510
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 395, 499, 431, 510
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 519, 488, 557, 499
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 59, 477, 95, 487
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 224, 454, 262, 464
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 268, 454, 304, 464
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 520, 442, 557, 453
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 117, 420, 153, 430
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 113, 397, 151, 407
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 157, 397, 193, 407
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 180, 374, 217, 384
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 223, 374, 260, 384
  Checksum: 4e5d5c98
   Type: CRC32
  Checksum: fc71a849f0bf93f353bb5c4ab28602e4
   Type: MD5
  Checksum: f7cb748ebbe85bd6ec3890f2f4f7e835865d0c2c
   Type: SHA-1
  Checksum: 203c8f1d871950337bdca52a52908269ce54960167496cf560040c2a698c4736
   Type: SHA-256