0ed876c32c6f22340b90ba4d64b9ce3b pmc_11428682.pdf 8ff3def0abac10e39aa1c0cfe5b1f0c81fd3a4d2 pmc_11428682.pdf 180fd0bcb3d021a65e73f92912c2ccb132efed79ef1c8f1ff453a9f35aff4b04 pmc_11428682.pdf Title: Identification of Antimicrobial-Resistant Zoonotic Bacteria in Swine Production: Implications from the One Health Perspective Subject: Antimicrobial resistance poses a major threat to global health and food security and is primarily driven by antimicrobial use in human and veterinary medicine. Understanding its epidemiology at farm level is crucial for effective control measures. Despite the significant reduction in antibiotic use in conventional livestock production, the swine sector traditionally has a higher level of antibiotic use in veterinary medicine. Consequently, multidrug resistance (MDR) among microbial isolates of swine origin has been relatively frequent. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, enteric pathogens and resistance genes to the main antibiotics used in clinical practice, both within the environment and in animals across pig farms characterized by varying degrees of sanitary status. A total of 274 samples were collected. Of these, 34 samples were collected from the environment (wall swabs, slat swabs and slurry pit), and 240 samples were collected from animals (sows’ and piglets’ rectal faeces). All samples were analysed for MDR bacteria and enteric pathogens. The study revealed a high frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales and Campylobacter spp., with ESBL-producing Enterobacterales predominating in high health status farms (environment and animals) and Campylobacter spp. in both high health status and low health status environments. Additionally, a high percentage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was found, mainly in environmental samples from high health status farms, and Clostridioides difficile was distributed ubiquitously among farms and samples. Furthermore, though less frequently, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) was isolated only in high health status farms, and Gram-negative bacilli resistant to carbapenems were isolated only in environmental samples of high health status and low health status farms. This study underscores the importance of surveillance for MDR bacteria in farm animals and their environment, including their waste. Such ecosystems serve as crucial reservoirs of bacteria, requiring national-level surveillance to promote responsible antibiotic use and pandemic control. Keywords: global health; pig farms; multidrug resistant microorganism Author: Maria Paz Ventero, Clara Marin, Lourdes Migura-Garcia, Carla Tort-Miro, Noemi Giler, Inmaculada Gomez, Isabel Escribano, Ana Marco-Fuertes, Laura Montoro-Dasi, Laura Lorenzo-Rebenaque, Santiago Vega, Maria Teresa Pérez-Gracia and Juan Carlos Rodríguez Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Fri Sep 13 14:50:45 2024 CEST ModDate: Fri Sep 13 14:57:43 2024 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 13 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1353257 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- YSPQJI+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 OPNYWB+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 QIIFJH+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 21 0 NBVWMN+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 TVIQIT+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 32 0 YYFPCJ+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 49 0 TAQQTO+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 72 0 EENNBK+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 84 0 EENNBL+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 87 0 EENNBM+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 93 0 EENNBN+PalatinoLinotype,Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 96 0 EENNBO+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 102 0 EENNJN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 105 0 EENNBK+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 117 0 EENNBL+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 120 0 EENNBM+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 126 0 EENNBN+PalatinoLinotype,Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 129 0 EENNBO+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 135 0 EENNJN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 138 0 EENNBK+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 162 0 EENNBL+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 165 0 EENNBM+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 171 0 EENNBN+PalatinoLinotype,Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 174 0 EENNBO+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 180 0 EENNJN+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 183 0 LWLIVD+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 197 0 VPSNSA+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 202 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-02-27 02:10:06 CET RepresentationInformation: pmc_11428682.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-02-27 02:03:25 CET Size: 1353257 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 446 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.2 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.3 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Study Sample Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Selection of High and Low Sanitary Status Farms to Define “Healthy” and “Unhealthy” Microbiomes Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Sampling Destination: subsection.4.3 Children: Item: Title: Environmental Sampling Destination: subsubsection.4.3.1 Item: Title: Animal Sampling Destination: subsubsection.4.3.2 Item: Title: Multidrug Resistant Bacteria and Enteric Pathogens Screening Destination: subsection.4.4 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: subsection.4.5 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: appendix.A. Info: Title: Identification of Antimicrobial-Resistant Zoonotic Bacteria in Swine Production: Implications from the One Health Perspective Author: Maria Paz Ventero, Clara Marin, Lourdes Migura-Garcia, Carla Tort-Miro, Noemi Giler, Inmaculada Gomez, Isabel Escribano, Ana Marco-Fuertes, Laura Montoro-Dasi, Laura Lorenzo-Rebenaque, Santiago Vega, Maria Teresa Pérez-Gracia and Juan Carlos Rodríguez Subject: Antimicrobial resistance poses a major threat to global health and food security and is primarily driven by antimicrobial use in human and veterinary medicine. Understanding its epidemiology at farm level is crucial for effective control measures. Despite the significant reduction in antibiotic use in conventional livestock production, the swine sector traditionally has a higher level of antibiotic use in veterinary medicine. Consequently, multidrug resistance (MDR) among microbial isolates of swine origin has been relatively frequent. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, enteric pathogens and resistance genes to the main antibiotics used in clinical practice, both within the environment and in animals across pig farms characterized by varying degrees of sanitary status. A total of 274 samples were collected. Of these, 34 samples were collected from the environment (wall swabs, slat swabs and slurry pit), and 240 samples were collected from animals (sows’ and piglets’ rectal faeces). All samples were analysed for MDR bacteria and enteric pathogens. The study revealed a high frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales and Campylobacter spp., with ESBL-producing Enterobacterales predominating in high health status farms (environment and animals) and Campylobacter spp. in both high health status and low health status environments. Additionally, a high percentage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was found, mainly in environmental samples from high health status farms, and Clostridioides difficile was distributed ubiquitously among farms and samples. Furthermore, though less frequently, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) was isolated only in high health status farms, and Gram-negative bacilli resistant to carbapenems were isolated only in environmental samples of high health status and low health status farms. This study underscores the importance of surveillance for MDR bacteria in farm animals and their environment, including their waste. Such ecosystems serve as crucial reservoirs of bacteria, requiring national-level surveillance to promote responsible antibiotic use and pandemic control. 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