0f0dfab1be3297a0839770de28f49625 pmc_11434561.pdf 6e0b6bde3c811315f1efcf6428541a910e093de2 pmc_11434561.pdf f4952adcc07d5f6d95efb7c36641429479ec469bcd3d4d8d1559de031afded7f pmc_11434561.pdf Title: A Survey of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis E Virus at the Human–Wildlife Interface in the Peruvian Amazon Subject: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) are zoonotic pathogens posing significant health concerns in rural Amazonia, a region marked by high endemicity, poverty, and limited healthcare access. However, the epidemiology of HBV and HEV in this ecosystem remains underexplored. This study examines the circulation of HBV and HEV at the human–wildlife interface and identifies risk factors within an isolated Amazonian indigenous community reliant on hunting for subsistence. Antibodies against HBV core antigens (HBcAbs) were found in three wildlife species: Cuniculus paca (0.8%), Tayassu pecari (1.6%), and Mazama americana (4.1%), marking the first record of HBV antibodies in free-ranging wildlife in the Amazon. However, further research is necessary to identify circulating strains and their relation to human HBV. HBcAbs were also detected in 9.1% of human samples, confirming exposure to HBV in the region. HEV IgG antibodies were present in 17.1% of humans and were associated with higher age. All wildlife and domestic animal samples tested negative for HEV, but transmission through consumption of wild animals and contaminated water needs further investigation. The identified risk factors highlight the urgent need for measures to promote safer food handling, improved sanitation, hygiene, and practices related to contact with wild animals. Keywords: epidemiology; hepatitis; HEV; HBV; risk factors; one health; tropical forests Author: María Fernanda Menajovsky, Johan Espunyes, Gabriela Ulloa, Stephanie Montero, Andres G. Lescano, Meddly L. Santolalla, Oscar Cabezón and Pedro Mayor Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Tue Sep 10 09:38:53 2024 CEST ModDate: Tue Sep 10 09:46:24 2024 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 12 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 725929 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- YWWVQQ+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 VESJUR+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 YTLKSB+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 CWTYSI+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 AMQPYL+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 32 0 SIXRFS+TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 48 0 AAPCWM+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 65 0 OVNEXW+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 74 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 83 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 87 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 91 0 BCDHEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 95 0 BCDIEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 102 0 BCDJEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 109 0 WZBKQO+VnURWPalladioL-Italic Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 141 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2024-10-15 02:38:36 CEST RepresentationInformation: pmc_11434561.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2024-10-09 02:36:26 CEST Size: 725929 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 370 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Study Area Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Blood Sample Collection Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Laboratorial Procedures Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Interviews for Risk Assessment Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.5 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Serological Analysis Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Molecular Analysis Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Risk Factors Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.6 Info: Title: A Survey of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis E Virus at the Human Wildlife Interface in the Peruvian Amazon Author: María Fernanda Menajovsky, Johan Espunyes, Gabriela Ulloa, Stephanie Montero, Andres G. Lescano, Meddly L. Santolalla, Oscar Cabezón and Pedro Mayor Subject: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) are zoonotic pathogens posing significant health concerns in rural Amazonia, a region marked by high endemicity, poverty, and limited healthcare access. However, the epidemiology of HBV and HEV in this ecosystem remains underexplored. This study examines the circulation of HBV and HEV at the human wildlife interface and identifies risk factors within an isolated Amazonian indigenous community reliant on hunting for subsistence. Antibodies against HBV core antigens (HBcAbs) were found in three wildlife species: Cuniculus paca (0.8%), Tayassu pecari (1.6%), and Mazama americana (4.1%), marking the first record of HBV antibodies in free-ranging wildlife in the Amazon. However, further research is necessary to identify circulating strains and their relation to human HBV. HBcAbs were also detected in 9.1% of human samples, confirming exposure to HBV in the region. HEV IgG antibodies were present in 17.1% of humans and were associated with higher age. All wildlife and domestic animal samples tested negative for HEV, but transmission through consumption of wild animals and contaminated water needs further investigation. The identified risk factors highlight the urgent need for measures to promote safer food handling, improved sanitation, hygiene, and practices related to contact with wild animals. 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