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Neurol. 15:1449234. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1449234 Keywords: multi-task learning; task grouping; stroke; activities of daily living; quality-of-life; Barthel index; EQ-5D-3L Author: Thi Nguyet Que Nguyen Creator: LaTeX with hyperref package + hypdvips Producer: dvips + MiKTeX GPL Ghostscript 9.0 CreationDate: Fri Sep 27 06:10:17 2024 CEST ModDate: Fri Sep 27 09:23:26 2024 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: yes Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 26 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.26 x 842.116 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 2543232 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.6 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- VKVXJS+MuseoSans-700 Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 53 0 CDBOSD+MuseoSans-300 Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 56 0 CBIDAE+MuseoSans-300Italic Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 69 0 WXFULF+MinionPro-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes no 72 0 NZPMNA+MuseoSans-500 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ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseOutlines Language: en Outlines: Item: Title: Multi-task learning for predicting quality-of-life and independence in activities of daily living after stroke: a proof-of-concept study Destination: ariclecounter.1 Children: Item: Title: 1 Introduction Destination: section.0.1 Item: Title: 2 Related works: multi-task learning for the prediction of health-related outcomes Destination: section.0.2 Item: Title: 3 Datasets of patients with stroke Destination: section.0.3 Children: Item: Title: 3.1 Barthel index data: Dataset 1 Destination: subsection.0.3.1 Children: Item: Title: 3.1.1 Barthel index Destination: subsubsection.0.3.1.1 Item: Title: 3.1.2 Data source and preparation Destination: subsubsection.0.3.1.2 Item: Title: 3.2 IST-3 clinical trial data: dataset 2 and 3 Destination: subsection.0.3.2 Children: Item: Title: 3.2.1 EQ-5D-3L Destination: subsubsection.0.3.2.1 Item: Title: 3.2.2 Dataset 2: EQ-5D-3L at 6MaS Destination: subsubsection.0.3.2.2 Item: Title: 3.2.3 Dataset 3: EQ-5D-3L at 18MaS Destination: subsubsection.0.3.2.3 Item: Title: 4 Data re-sampling methodology Destination: section.0.4 Item: Title: 5 Methods: single- and multi-task learning Destination: section.0.5 Children: Item: Title: 5.1 Single-task learning Destination: subsection.0.5.1 Item: Title: 5.2 Classic multi-task learning Destination: subsection.0.5.2 Item: Title: 5.3 Multi-task learning with task-affinity grouping Destination: subsection.0.5.3 Children: Item: Title: 5.3.1 Task-affinity grouping Destination: subsubsection.0.5.3.1 Item: Title: 5.3.2 TAG-based MTL network design Destination: subsubsection.0.5.3.2 Item: Title: 5.4 Multi-task learning with Cramer's V task-association grouping Destination: subsection.0.5.4 Children: Item: Title: 5.4.1 Cramer's V: Dependence coefficient Destination: subsubsection.0.5.4.1 Item: Title: 5.4.2 Cramer's VTAG-based MTL network design Destination: subsubsection.0.5.4.2 Item: Title: 5.5 Multi-task learning with concatenation strategy Destination: subsection.0.5.5 Item: Title: 5.6 Neural network development settings and evaluation metrics Destination: subsection.0.5.6 Item: Title: 6 Results Destination: section.0.6 Children: Item: Title: 6.1 Prediction of BI items at 3MaS Destination: subsection.0.6.1 Children: Item: Title: 6.1.1 Application of STL, classic MTL of all tasks, MTL with TAG and MTL with VTAG Destination: subsubsection.0.6.1.1 Item: Title: 6.1.2 Application of MTL with concatenation strategies Destination: subsubsection.0.6.1.2 Item: Title: 6.2 Prediction of EQ-5D-3L at 6MaS Destination: subsection.0.6.2 Item: Title: 6.3 Prediction of EQ-5D-3L at 18MaS Destination: subsection.0.6.3 Item: Title: 6.4 Comparison between neural network models Destination: subsection.0.6.4 Item: Title: 7 Discussion Destination: section.0.7 Item: Title: 8 Conclusion Destination: section.0.8 Item: Title: Data availability statement Destination: section*.33 Item: Title: Ethics statement Destination: section*.34 Item: Title: Author contributions Destination: section*.35 Item: Title: Funding Destination: section*.36 Item: Title: Acknowledgments Destination: section*.37 Item: Title: Conflict of interest Destination: section*.38 Item: Title: Publisher's note Destination: section*.39 Item: Title: Supplementary material Destination: section*.40 Item: Title: References Destination: section*.41 Info: Title: Multi-task learning for predicting quality-of-life and independence in activities of daily living after stroke: a proof-of-concept study Subject: Nguyen TNQ, García-Rudolph A, Saurí J and Kelleher JD (2024) Multi-task learning for predicting quality-of-life and independence in activities of daily living after stroke: a proof-of-concept study. Front. Neurol. 15:1449234. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1㐀㐀㤀㈀㌀㐩⽁畴桯爨周椠乧畹整⁑略⁎杵祥温⽃牥慴潲⡌慔敘⁷楴栠桹灥牲敦⁰慣歡来‫⁨祰摶楰猩⽋敹睯牤猨浵汴椭瑡獫敡牮楮朻⁴慳欠杲潵灩湧㬠獴牯步㬠慣瑩癩瑩敳映摡楬礠汩癩湧㬠煵慬楴礭潦⵬楦攻⁂慲瑨敬⁩湤數㬠䕑ⴵ䐭㍌ Producer: dvips + MiKTeX GPL Ghostscript 9.0 CreationDate: Fri Sep 27 06:40:17 CEST 2024 ModDate: Fri Sep 27 09:53:26 CEST 2024 ID: 0x44586d1d62df98dee0e8aae096f55749, 0xbe4aacd825b7444d9a3142edcd5c01a9 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode FilterPipeline: DCTDecode Images: Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 32 ImageHeight: 128 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: FlateDecode Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 626 ImageHeight: 1021 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: FlateDecode Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 1395 ImageHeight: 1098 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: FlateDecode Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/jpg CompressionScheme: JPEG ImageWidth: 900 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9.0 application/pdf Copyright © 2024 Nguyen, García-Rudolph, Saurí and Kelleher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Nguyen TNQ, García-Rudolph A, Saurí J and Kelleher JD (2024) Multi-task learning for predicting quality-of-life and independence in activities of daily living after stroke: a proof-of-concept study. Front. Neurol. 15:1449234. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1449234 Thi Nguyet Que Nguyen Alejandro García-Rudolph Joan Saurí John D. 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Subtype: Link Rect: 107, 90, 148, 100 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 153, 92, 160, 100 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 48, 33, 121, 41 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 33, 546, 41 Page: Label: 14 Sequence: 14 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 800, 546, 807 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 497, 240, 507, 252 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 317, 204, 328, 216 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 48, 33, 121, 41 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 33, 546, 41 Page: Label: 15 Sequence: 15 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 800, 546, 807 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 48, 33, 121, 41 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 33, 546, 41 Rotate: 90 Page: Label: 16 Sequence: 16 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 800, 546, 807 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 84, 142, 111, 151 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 499, 714, 541, 724 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 317, 322, 345, 331 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 375, 190, 406, 199 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 408, 190, 415, 198 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 313, 164, 355, 174 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 306, 92, 348, 102 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 48, 33, 121, 41 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 33, 546, 41 Page: Label: 17 Sequence: 17 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 800, 546, 807 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 317, 349, 345, 358 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 399, 140, 441, 151 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 303, 80, 344, 90 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 48, 33, 121, 41 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 33, 546, 41 Page: Label: 18 Sequence: 18 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 800, 546, 807 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 48, 33, 121, 41 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 33, 546, 41 Rotate: 90 Page: Label: 19 Sequence: 19 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 800, 546, 807 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 48, 33, 121, 41 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 33, 546, 41 Rotate: 90 Page: Label: 20 Sequence: 20 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 800, 546, 807 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 62, 508, 90, 516 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 247, 338, 289, 348 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 108, 242, 149, 252 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 80, 68, 123, 78 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 317, 356, 358, 366 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 360, 284, 449, 295 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 48, 33, 121, 41 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 33, 546, 41 Page: Label: 21 Sequence: 21 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 800, 546, 807 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 48, 33, 121, 41 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 33, 546, 41 Rotate: 90 Page: Label: 22 Sequence: 22 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 800, 546, 807 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 505, 324, 511, 336 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 513, 324, 524, 336 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 361, 288, 372, 300 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 375, 288, 385, 300 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 424, 276, 434, 288 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 48, 33, 121, 41 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 33, 546, 41 Page: Label: 23 Sequence: 23 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 800, 546, 807 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 154, 678, 191, 688 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 73, 654, 110, 664 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 84, 345, 94, 357 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 91, 321, 102, 333 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 321, 115, 333 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 86, 190, 97, 202 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 175, 130, 186, 142 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 91, 70, 98, 82 Destination: External Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 48, 33, 121, 41 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 33, 546, 41 Page: Label: 24 Sequence: 24 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 800, 546, 807 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 153, 750, 244, 760 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 184, 726, 291, 736 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 48, 716, 67, 724 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 51, 702, 205, 712 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 547, 258, 302, 283 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 60, 159, 143, 166 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 197, 138, 272, 147 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 292, 109, 47, 127 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 60, 74, 149, 83 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 315, 167, 393, 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 315, 131, 398, 138 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 547, 102, 302, 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 315, 75, 408, 83 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 48, 32, 121, 40 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 32, 546, 40 Page: Label: 25 Sequence: 25 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 800, 546, 807 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 60, 714, 123, 723 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 60, 668, 135, 675 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 211, 648, 287, 655 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 89, 627, 178, 635 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 92, 608, 200, 615 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 60, 580, 140, 587 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 60, 532, 118, 539 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 96, 504, 188, 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 92, 477, 170, 484 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 140, 449, 233, 456 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 210, 429, 275, 436 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 171, 409, 270, 416 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 82, 353, 159, 360 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 60, 316, 172, 324 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 60, 280, 121, 289 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 60, 261, 136, 268 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 119, 214, 198, 221 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 86, 194, 145, 201 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 94, 157, 184, 165 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 60, 130, 138, 137 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 208, 110, 281, 117 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 312, 698, 449, 707 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 547, 661, 302, 680 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 315, 636, 395, 643 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 547, 571, 302, 588 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 391, 552, 491, 559 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 315, 507, 437, 516 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 458, 479, 536, 488 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 457, 461, 537, 468 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 315, 405, 395, 412 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 396, 368, 470, 376 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 315, 332, 439, 341 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 369, 305, 440, 312 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 315, 261, 408, 269 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 315, 226, 415, 233 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 347, 198, 418, 205 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 364, 158, 418, 165 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 423, 145, 467, 153 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 341, 124, 417, 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 315, 105, 392, 113 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 48, 33, 121, 41 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 33, 546, 41 Page: Label: 26 Sequence: 26 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 800, 546, 807 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 60, 699, 131, 706 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 60, 660, 124, 669 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 315, 744, 398, 751 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 423, 714, 510, 723 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 395, 687, 475, 695 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 337, 668, 415, 675 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 547, 638, 302, 656 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 48, 33, 121, 41 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 33, 546, 41 Checksum: 04452eaa Type: CRC32 Checksum: 60410860bbfb5c4e9b9de6ec403413ca Type: MD5 Checksum: c21297a77c7e37b83425d1aec221180df2de9f0f Type: SHA-1 Checksum: 8f91f31dee28a251be8cd7687ecaeff964285b0cb0e8b4f27131632cdbcb3f62 Type: SHA-256