8e33666575dbadb9f0001d6e718659a5 pmc_11591500.pdf 4191bfd08108f75806f9e58f62848c934aa38a98 pmc_11591500.pdf 6814dfd50d6d7b81e068688db36bba2a1a10a83b8fca3de558526316a196e8fa pmc_11591500.pdf Title: Encephalitozoon cuniculi Infection in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): Data from an International Survey of Exotic and Small Animal Veterinarians Subject: In 2022–2023, the first survey of clinicians regarding Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection of rabbits was undertaken. The purpose was to assess the current worldwide knowledge of clinicians regarding influence of breed and age, clinical presentations, use of various diagnostic tools, and treatment regimens and to explore how responses may differ by geographic location. Identifying mostly as exotic animal clinicians, 339 respondents participated, with nearly half from the United States and the remainder from 35 other countries. Neurological signs were most consistently reported as associated with Encephalitozoon cuniculi and the most recurrent clinical case presentation. Other responses showed differences by geographic location. For example, age predilection for disease varied, with 71.1% of international respondents indicating that infection was more common in young rabbits versus 28.9% who suggested it was more frequent in older rabbits. This was significantly different (p = 0.001) from the information from respondents from the United States, where 48.0% indicated that younger rabbits had an increased incidence versus 52.0% who indicated that older age increased occurrence. While some differences may be related to the practice composition and the training level of respondents, many responses were in alignment with the existing literature. Future inquiries should focus more on these discrepancies to aid in generating guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of this infectious disease. Keywords: Encephalitozoon cuniculi; epidemiology; geographical differences; health survey; lagomorph; microsporidia; questionnaire; rabbit; survey; treatment Author: Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira, Anja Joachim, Frank Künzel, Franz Riegler Mello, Emma Keeble, Jennifer Graham, Jaume Martorell, Jean-Francois Quinton, Ann Gottenger and Carolyn Cray Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Fri Nov 15 15:54:59 2024 CET ModDate: Fri Nov 15 15:58:36 2024 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 13 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 583881 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- KORLVE+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes no 10 0 QQXHJS+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes no 15 0 GQNXCK+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes no 20 0 DHNSWD+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes no 24 0 FEKWWD+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes no 28 0 GHJKAO+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 71 0 GHJKAP+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 74 0 GHJKBA+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 80 0 GHJKBC+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 83 0 GHJKGD+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 86 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-02-20 02:13:05 CET RepresentationInformation: pmc_11591500.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-02-19 04:53:56 CET Size: 583881 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 286 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Data Collection Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Respondent Demographics Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Data Management and Analysis Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Questions Regarding Rabbits and E. cuniculi Infection Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Questions Regarding Treatment for E. cuniculi Infection Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Other Questions Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.A. Info: Title: Encephalitozoon cuniculi Infection in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): Data from an International Survey of Exotic and Small Animal Veterinarians Author: Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira, Anja Joachim, Frank Künzel, Franz Riegler Mello, Emma Keeble, Jennifer Graham, Jaume Martorell, Jean-Francois Quinton, Ann Gottenger and Carolyn Cray Subject: In 2022 2023, the first survey of clinicians regarding Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection of rabbits was undertaken. The purpose was to assess the current worldwide knowledge of clinicians regarding influence of breed and age, clinical presentations, use of various diagnostic tools, and treatment regimens and to explore how responses may differ by geographic location. Identifying mostly as exotic animal clinicians, 339 respondents participated, with nearly half from the United States and the remainder from 35 other countries. Neurological signs were most consistently reported as associated with Encephalitozoon cuniculi and the most recurrent clinical case presentation. Other responses showed differences by geographic location. For example, age predilection for disease varied, with 71.1% of international respondents indicating that infection was more common in young rabbits versus 28.9% who suggested it was more frequent in older rabbits. This was significantly different (p = 0.001) from the information from respondents from the United States, where 48.0% indicated that younger rabbits had an increased incidence versus 52.0% who indicated that older age increased occurrence. While some differences may be related to the practice composition and the training level of respondents, many responses were in alignment with the existing literature. Future inquiries should focus more on these discrepancies to aid in generating guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of this infectious disease. Keywords: Encephalitozoon cuniculi; epidemiology; geographical differences; health survey; lagomorph; microsporidia; questionnaire; rabbit; survey; treatment Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 CreationDate: Fri Nov 15 15:54:59 CET 2024 ModDate: Fri Nov 15 15:58:36 CET 2024 ID: 0xe9ecc3b581d26cec168deece832489f1, 0xe9ecc3b581d26cec168deece832489f1 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: GQNXCK+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 252 FontDescriptor: FontName: GQNXCK+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: DHNSWD+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 45 LastChar: 122 FontDescriptor: FontName: DHNSWD+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: KORLVE+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 160 LastChar: 226 FontDescriptor: FontName: KORLVE+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: FEKWWD+URWPalladioL-BoldItal FontSubset: true FirstChar: 69 LastChar: 122 FontDescriptor: FontName: FEKWWD+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -300, 1073, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Font: BaseFont: QQXHJS+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 252 FontDescriptor: FontName: QQXHJS+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 269, 152, 278 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 259, 36, 261 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 164, 96, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 126, 90, 154, 99 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 78, 147, 87 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 756, 133, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 756, 560, 792 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 168, 644, 179, 657 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 251, 644, 262, 657 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 511, 644, 522, 657 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 124, 631, 135, 645 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 226, 631, 237, 645 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 530, 631, 541, 645 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 116, 17, 251, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 409, 17, 560, 28 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 390, 87, 409 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 518, 657, 525, 666 ActionDest: 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 500, 632, 507, 641 ActionDest: 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 510, 632, 517, 641 ActionDest: 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 383, 607, 390, 616 ActionDest: 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 393, 607, 400, 616 ActionDest: 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 455, 138, 462, 150 ActionDest: 61 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 424, 645, 431, 657 ActionDest: 61 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 345, 635, 352, 644 ActionDest: 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 411, 342, 418, 354 ActionDest: 61 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 440, 532, 447, 544 ActionDest: 61 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 519, 550, 531 ActionDest: 61 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 465, 306, 472, 318 ActionDest: 61 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 313, 142, 320, 154 ActionDest: 61 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 394, 406, 401, 418 ActionDest: 61 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 105, 522, 117 ActionDest: 61 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 453, 635, 460, 644 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 195, 622, 207, 631 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 207, 622, 219, 631 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 453, 622, 465, 631 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 529, 509, 541, 518 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 509, 556, 518 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 237, 371, 249, 380 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 407, 321, 414, 330 ActionDest: 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 415, 321, 422, 330 ActionDest: 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 422, 321, 434, 330 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 401, 283, 413, 292 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 240, 233, 252, 242 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 489, 220, 501, 229 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 320, 158, 332, 167 ActionDest: 116 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 736, 556, 744 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 436, 723, 448, 732 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 491, 710, 503, 719 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 265, 585, 277, 594 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 351, 572, 363, 581 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 363, 572, 375, 581 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 187, 535, 199, 544 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 287, 409, 299, 418 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 299, 409, 311, 418 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 256, 371, 268, 380 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 304, 346, 316, 355 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 443, 246, 455, 255 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 455, 246, 467, 255 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 233, 543, 242 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 233, 556, 242 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 420, 208, 432, 217 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 433, 208, 445, 217 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 506, 158, 517, 167 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 518, 158, 530, 167 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 145, 543, 154 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 145, 556, 154 ActionDest: 116 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 415, 635, 422, 644 ActionDest: 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 422, 635, 434, 644 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 366, 610, 373, 619 ActionDest: 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 481, 497, 488, 506 ActionDest: 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 488, 497, 500, 506 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 347, 459, 359, 468 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 359, 459, 371, 468 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 193, 409, 205, 418 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 234, 359, 241, 368 ActionDest: 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 204, 334, 216, 343 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 541, 309, 548, 318 ActionDest: 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 433, 208, 445, 217 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 216, 170, 228, 180 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 228, 170, 240, 180 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 391, 158, 403, 167 ActionDest: 116 Page: Sequence: 10 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 246, 736, 253, 744 ActionDest: 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 254, 735, 266, 744 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 190, 723, 202, 732 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 202, 723, 214, 732 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 453, 623, 465, 631 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 549, 459, 556, 468 ActionDest: 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 467, 396, 479, 406 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 396, 491, 406 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 379, 321, 386, 330 ActionDest: 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 267, 296, 279, 305 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 527, 221, 539, 230 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 195, 133, 207, 142 ActionDest: 119 Page: Sequence: 11 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 735, 543, 744 ActionDest: 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 735, 556, 744 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 647, 556, 657 ActionDest: 119 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 536, 495, 560, 506 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 165, 483, 373, 494 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 391, 205, 429, 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 435, 205, 471, 216 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 409, 194, 447, 205 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 198, 172, 235, 182 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 445, 148, 483, 159 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 126, 142, 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 200, 103, 237, 113 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 452, 90, 490, 101 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 196, 722, 234, 733 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 143, 688, 181, 698 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 365, 664, 402, 675 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 409, 664, 445, 675 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 152, 642, 189, 652 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 286, 595, 560, 606 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 56, 583, 122, 594 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 215, 561, 253, 571 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 185, 538, 222, 548 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 189, 514, 226, 525 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 170, 458, 208, 468 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 453, 434, 490, 445 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 256, 411, 294, 422 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 222, 388, 260, 399 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 398, 365, 435, 376 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 441, 365, 477, 376 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 454, 342, 491, 353 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 342, 534, 353 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 505, 319, 542, 330 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 296, 258, 307 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 375, 273, 413, 284 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 494, 261, 532, 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 477, 250, 514, 261 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 229, 228, 266, 238 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 193, 142, 203 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 170, 96, 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 140, 136, 177, 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 184, 136, 220, 146 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 185, 113, 222, 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 229, 113, 265, 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 299, 101, 337, 111 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 183, 78, 221, 88 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 227, 78, 263, 88 Page: Sequence: 13 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 317, 722, 355, 733 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 699, 132, 710 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 365, 676, 402, 687 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 642, 96, 652 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 508, 629, 546, 640 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 306, 618, 560, 629 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 56, 606, 439, 617 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 396, 595, 434, 606 Checksum: 9edd79fc Type: CRC32 Checksum: 8e33666575dbadb9f0001d6e718659a5 Type: MD5 Checksum: 4191bfd08108f75806f9e58f62848c934aa38a98 Type: SHA-1 Checksum: 6814dfd50d6d7b81e068688db36bba2a1a10a83b8fca3de558526316a196e8fa Type: SHA-256