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near-optimal energy systems Destination: mk:title Children: Item: Title: 1 Introduction Destination: mk:H1_1 Item: Title: 2 Methods Destination: mk:H1_2 Children: Item: Title: 2.1 Case study Destination: mk:H2_1 Item: Title: 2.2 Energy system model and Modelling to Generate Alternatives Destination: mk:H2_2 Children: Item: Title: 2.2.1 The SPORES MGA approach Destination: mk:H3_3 Item: Title: 2.2.2 The Portuguese Calliope model Destination: mk:H3_4 Item: Title: 2.3 Environmental modelling with ENBIOS Destination: mk:H2_5 Children: Item: Title: 2.3.1 LCA settings Destination: mk:H3_6 Item: Title: 2.3.2 Upscaling and trade-offs with MuSIASEM Destination: mk:H3_7 Item: Title: 3 Results Destination: mk:H1_3 Children: Item: Title: 3.1 Breaking the single cost solution: Environmental trade-offs in the option space Destination: mk:H2_8 Item: Title: 3.2 How impacts vary with the technology mix: Relevance of wind, solar, and batteries Destination: mk:H2_9 Item: Title: 3.3 Higher technological diversity correlates with increased environmental impacts in energy configurations Destination: mk:H2_10 Item: Title: 4 Discussion and conclusion Destination: mk:H1_4 Item: Title: CRediT authorship contribution statement Destination: mk:H1_5 Item: Title: Declaration of competing interest Destination: mk:HH1_3 Item: Title: Acknowledgements Destination: mk:HH1_4 Item: Title: Appendix A Supplementary data Destination: mk:H1_6 Item: Title: Data availability Destination: datalink5 Item: Title: References Destination: mk:HH2_1 Info: Title: The optimal is not always the best: Life cycle impacts of near-optimal energy systems Author: Alexander de Tomás-Pascual Subject: Applied Energy, 399 (2025) 126487. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126487 Keywords: Energy system optimization models,Life cycle assessment,Energy transition,Environmental impacts,Technological diversity Creator: Elsevier Producer: Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows) CreationDate: Fri Jul 25 19:46:24 CEST 2025 ModDate: Fri Jul 25 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