edc71a1d18f69b06f57775b50dd00ce8 education-15-01247-v2.pdf 9e6f0574c03b6531d845e30ef136d2767842224f education-15-01247-v2.pdf c63763baeb2c6cc1e3a3b1208052aa7e74eb4dbcf7b0024b94e5a44eb13d022b education-15-01247-v2.pdf Title: Self-Perceived Digital Competencies and University Change: Cross-Country Survey Evidence from Spain, Mexico, and Peru During COVID-19 Subject: In a global context marked by ongoing transformations in technology and education, it is essential to reflect on how individuals engage with—or underestimate—the meaningful use of digital tools already at their disposal. This study examines the evolution of self-perceived digital competencies of university students in Spain, Mexico, and Peru during a period of forced transition to online learning, often in environments characterized by structural inequalities in access to and use of digital resources. We surveyed 881 university students in Spain, Mexico, and Peru between May and September 2020. The findings indicate that, although Spanish students initially reported higher levels of self-perceived digital competence, significant improvements in their perception were observed across all three countries, particularly in Mexico and Peru. These improvements cannot be fully attributed to ceiling effects or cross-country sociodemographic differences alone, suggesting that transformative contexts may have provided opportunities for students to test and mobilize their capabilities, which could be consistent with the development and self-recognition of new digital skills. This study provides empirical evidence that advances our understanding of how self-perceptions of digital competence evolve in scenarios of accelerated educational change, offering valuable insights for the design of more adaptive and context-sensitive education policies. Keywords: digital skills; educational transformation; online learning; comparative study; educational inequalities Author: Carmen G. Arbulú Pérez Vargas, Moises E. Rosas and Paloma Valdivia-Vizarreta Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Fri Sep 19 12:52:34 2025 CEST ModDate: Fri Sep 19 12:54:53 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 16 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 856387 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- MIKRSI+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 90 0 SQSLHP+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 91 0 UUVOGG+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 92 0 PZRUAT+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 93 0 ZIPEAN+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 234 0 URYLRZ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 248 0 FXXUVH+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 277 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 258 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 259 0 BCDJEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 260 0 BCDEEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 266 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 267 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 268 0 BCDHEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 269 0 BCDIEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 270 0 BCDJEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 271 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-10-08 03:08:54 CEST RepresentationInformation: education-15-01247-v2.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-10-07 04:42:33 CEST Size: 856387 Format: PDF Version: 1.5 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 543 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Materials and Methods Children: Item: Title: Participants Item: Title: The Instrument Item: Title: Statistical Methods Item: Title: Ethical Aspects Item: Title: Results Item: Title: Discussion Item: Title: Conclusions Item: Title: References Info: Title: Self-Perceived Digital Competencies and University Change: Cross-Country Survey Evidence from Spain, Mexico, and Peru During COVID-19 Author: Carmen G. Arbulú Pérez Vargas, Moises E. Rosas and Paloma Valdivia-Vizarreta Subject: In a global context marked by ongoing transformations in technology and education, it is essential to reflect on how individuals engage with—or underestimate—the meaningful use of digital tools already at their disposal. This study examines the evolution of self-perceived digital competencies of university students in Spain, Mexico, and Peru during a period of forced transition to online learning, often in environments characterized by structural inequalities in access to and use of digital resources. We surveyed 881 university students in Spain, Mexico, and Peru between May and September 2020. The findings indicate that, although Spanish students initially reported higher levels of self-perceived digital competence, significant improvements in their perception were observed across all three countries, particularly in Mexico and Peru. These improvements cannot be fully attributed to ceiling effects or cross-country sociodemographic differences alone, suggesting that transformative contexts may have provided opportunities for students to test and mobilize their capabilities, which could be consistent with the development and self-recognition of new digital skills. This study provides empirical evidence that advances our understanding of how self-perceptions of digital competence evolve in scenarios of accelerated educational change, offering valuable insights for the design of more adaptive and context-sensitive education policies. 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