3955345e6502b66ceaa57f0c9ba20900 FosRec_a2025v28n1p67.pdf f14da256fe4824f2e40a437cf604028c0b726cbd FosRec_a2025v28n1p67.pdf 45e634714b98edc67d7df1ce53e08d18bdd2727039ccaff152768ef72cb3083c FosRec_a2025v28n1p67.pdf Title: New data on the inner skull cavities of Diplocynodon tormis (Crocodylia, Diplocynodontinae) from the Duero Basin (Iberian Peninsula, Spain) Subject: Inner skull cavities provide key characters to elucidate taxonomic, phylogenetic, and palaeobiological inferences in reptiles. Herein, an integral description of the extinct alligatoroid Diplocynodon tormis is presented based on its holotype, recovered from the Middle Eocene site of “Teso de la Flecha” (Salamanca, Spain). It is an almost complete skull only missing some bones of the posterior part of the basicranium. A computed tomography (CT-scan) allowed the creation of a 3D model that includes the paranasal air sinuses in association with the nasal cavity, the dorsal region of the forebrain, including the cerebral hemispheres and the olfactory tract and the bulbs, the maxillary and mandibular branches of the trigeminal nerve, and the nasopharyngeal duct. Based on this, an anatomical description is provided and compared with both extant and extinct members of Alligatoridae and Crocodyloidea, including the previously published neuroanatomical description of one of the paratypes of this species. Neurosensorial (such as olfactory ratio and visual acuity) and cognitive capabilities (such as Reptile Encephalization Quotient) were estimated for the holotype and paratype of D. tormis and compared to those of other crocodylians. The inner skull cavities of D. tormis are similar to those of other crocodylians. Interestingly, the polarity of some characters in their brain, paranasal sinuses, and pharyngotympanic sinus system support its position as a basal alligatoroid. Neurosensorial and cognitive estimations also concur with a medium-sized basal alligatoroid. Nonetheless, further studies including other fossil crocodylians are required to better understand the evolutionary patterns of the inner skull cavities that have been relevant during the evolution of this successful archosaurian lineage. Author: Alejandro Serrano-Martínez Creator: Adobe InDesign 20.0 (Windows) Producer: Adobe PDF Library 17.0 CreationDate: Mon Feb 24 14:19:41 2025 CET ModDate: Mon Feb 24 14:19:46 2025 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: yes Tagged: yes UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 11 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 3153607 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.4 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- HJYEFF+TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 1055 0 TRTTRH+SymbolMT CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 1056 0 JEZQHB+TimesNewRomanPSMT CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 1066 0 OEIPZR+NewsGothicStd Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 1058 0 SSJNDJ+FFMarkPro-Bold Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes yes 1059 0 VEWKTD+TimesNewRomanPSMT TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 1045 0 XPTRVZ+TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 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elucidate taxonomic, phylogenetic, and palaeobiological inferences in reptiles. Herein, an integral description of the extinct alligatoroid Diplocynodon tormis is presented based on its holotype, recovered from the Middle Eocene site of “Teso de la Flecha” (Salamanca, Spain). It is an almost complete skull only missing some bones of the posterior part of the basicranium. A computed tomography (CT-scan) allowed the creation of a 3D model that includes the paranasal air sinuses in association with the nasal cavity, the dorsal region of the forebrain, including the cerebral hemispheres and the olfactory tract and the bulbs, the maxillary and mandibular branches of the trigeminal nerve, and the nasopharyngeal duct. Based on this, an anatomical description is provided and compared with both extant and extinct members of Alligatoridae and Crocodyloidea, including the previously published neuroanatomical description of one of the paratypes of this species. Neurosensorial (such as olfactory ratio and visual acuity) and cognitive capabilities (such as Reptile Encephalization Quotient) were estimated for the holotype and paratype of D. tormis and compared to those of other crocodylians. The inner skull cavities of D. tormis are similar to those of other crocodylians. Interestingly, the polarity of some characters in their brain, paranasal sinuses, and pharyngotympanic sinus system support its position as a basal alligatoroid. Neurosensorial and cognitive estimations also concur with a medium-sized basal alligatoroid. Nonetheless, further studies including other fossil crocodylians are required to better understand the evolutionary patterns of the inner skull cavities that have been relevant during the evolution of this successful archosaurian lineage. Alejandro Serrano-Martínez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Alejandro Serrano-Martínez Àngel H. Luján Ángel García-Pérez Josep Fortuny Eocene Europe palaeoneurology cranial endocast Eusuchia 2025-02-24T15:19:41+02:00 2025-02-24T15:19:46+02:00 2025-02-24T15:19:46+02:00 Adobe InDesign 20.0 (Windows) uuid:ff875e8f-4988-43c6-95d9-69b56cabc705 xmp.did:9F28E084BD8CE31184EC999A5D291C94 xmp.id:8385437f-c984-ec46-8700-4fd43e7d5d8b proof:pdf xmp.iid:a933a4b9-3e85-9345-a675-fde9d3750e4a xmp.did:4444FC51923DE811ADBCA6C78E600139 xmp.did:9F28E084BD8CE31184EC999A5D291C94 default converted from application/x-indesign to application/pdf Adobe InDesign 20.0 (Windows) / 2025-02-24T15:19:41+02:00 Adobe PDF Library 17.0 False Pages: Page: Label: 67 Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 51, 593, 266, 583 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 222, 575, 304, 565 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 361, 575, 429, 565 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 346, 57, 480, 49 Page: Label: 68 Sequence: 2 Page: Label: 69 Sequence: 3 Page: Label: 70 Sequence: 4 Page: Label: 71 Sequence: 5 Page: Label: 72 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