a01713599922e806e06335234ed8df55 ChemEngineering-09-00023.pdf edd2fa5994982146c2acf547301c800be21e5b3c ChemEngineering-09-00023.pdf b0ae9314858ef6c9ad308982a7ff6f92ea017958871af0e05cc15d29091188d2 ChemEngineering-09-00023.pdf Title: Removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Modified Fish Scale Bioadsorbent Subject: The need to conserve water is important, as it is predicted that in approximately 20 years there will be a global water shortage. In Mexico and the rest of the world, scientists are constantly looking for methods to help conserve and improve the processes used to treat the wastewater generated and reuse it safely. In this work, Tilapia fish scales modified with acetic acid were used for the removal of heavy metals from model water. For this experiment, the following adsorbent dose range was applied: 0.4 g to 1 g; the pH ranged from 4 to 7; and the contact time varied between 60 and 120 min. A three-factor experimental design was considered, including variables such as the adsorbent dose, contact time, and pH, each at three levels. The chemical modification produced a more porous surface on the flakes, facilitating metal adsorption, as confirmed by morphological and physicochemical analyses. The results obtained confirmed the removal of 94 and 83% of Cd(II) and Pb(II) metal ions, respectively, with an bioadsorbent dose of 1 g at a pH of 4 and a contact time of 120 min for Cd(II) and an adsorbent dose of 0.4 g, a pH of 4, and a contact time of 90 min for Pb(II), with an initial concentration of 200 mg/L for both metals. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis results provide critical insights into the textural properties of modified fish scales. The modified fish scales have great potential for removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Keywords: bioadsorbent; fish scales; heavy metals; wastewater Author: Yamilet Hernández Pérez, Everth J. Leal Castañeda, Jorge Meléndez Estrada, Edith Montesinos-Pedro, Ahmad Abo Markeb and Xavier Font Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Mon Feb 24 06:31:58 2025 CET ModDate: Mon Feb 24 06:38:59 2025 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 19 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 3857760 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- LDAEIS+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 GQVLMY+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 LUFRKG+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 AINQXA+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 EOAWRV+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 56 0 HMANZF+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 61 0 IOLAWT+PazoMath-Italic Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 69 0 CZKGAS+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin 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section.2 Children: Item: Title: Materials Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Preparation of the Bioadsorbent Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Characterization of Native and Modified FSs Destination: subsection.2.3 Children: Item: Title: Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy Analysis Destination: subsubsection.2.3.1 Item: Title: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis Destination: subsubsection.2.3.2 Item: Title: X-Ray Diffraction Analysis Destination: subsubsection.2.3.3 Item: Title: X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Analysis Destination: subsubsection.2.3.4 Item: Title: Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) Analysis Destination: subsubsection.2.3.5 Item: Title: Preparation of Model Wastewater Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Adsorption Studies of Pb(II) and Cd(II) Ions Destination: subsection.2.5 Item: Title: Experimental Design Destination: subsection.2.6 Item: Title: Statistical Data Analysis Destination: subsection.2.7 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Characterization of the Prepared Bioadsorbent Destination: subsection.3.1 Children: Item: Title: FTIR Analysis Destination: subsubsection.3.1.1 Item: Title: Morphology of Native and Modified Scales Destination: subsubsection.3.1.2 Item: Title: Elemental Analysis Using XPS Destination: subsubsection.3.1.3 Item: Title: X-Ray Analysis of the Fish Scales Before and After Treatment Destination: subsubsection.3.1.4 Item: Title: Thermal Gravimetric (TG) Analysis Destination: subsubsection.3.1.5 Item: Title: Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) Analysis Destination: subsubsection.3.1.6 Item: Title: Pb(II) and Cd(II) Removal Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Optimization of Pb(II) and Cd(II) Ion Removal Using RSM Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.4 Item: Title: References Destination: section.5 Info: Title: Removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Modified Fish Scale Bioadsorbent Author: Yamilet Hernández Pérez, Everth J. Leal Castañeda, Jorge Meléndez Estrada, Edith Montesinos-Pedro, Ahmad Abo Markeb and Xavier Font Subject: The need to conserve water is important, as it is predicted that in approximately 20 years there will be a global water shortage. In Mexico and the rest of the world, scientists are constantly looking for methods to help conserve and improve the processes used to treat the wastewater generated and reuse it safely. In this work, Tilapia fish scales modified with acetic acid were used for the removal of heavy metals from model water. For this experiment, the following adsorbent dose range was applied: 0.4 g to 1 g; the pH ranged from 4 to 7; and the contact time varied between 60 and 120 min. A three-factor experimental design was considered, including variables such as the adsorbent dose, contact time, and pH, each at three levels. The chemical modification produced a more porous surface on the flakes, facilitating metal adsorption, as confirmed by morphological and physicochemical analyses. The results obtained confirmed the removal of 94 and 83% of Cd(II) and Pb(II) metal ions, respectively, with an bioadsorbent dose of 1 g at a pH of 4 and a contact time of 120 min for Cd(II) and an adsorbent dose of 0.4 g, a pH of 4, and a contact time of 90 min for Pb(II), with an initial concentration of 200 mg/L for both metals. The Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) analysis results provide critical insights into the textural properties of modified fish scales. The modified fish scales have great potential for removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. 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