1ebb0be4161e675466f37ec668c3ca0f catalysts-15-00312-v2.pdf 410caccaf905af79a5a68077110279b856729be2 catalysts-15-00312-v2.pdf d0a9d5203c333715fa8715736d591f69281819d27ca638ac705e62f92159bc9f catalysts-15-00312-v2.pdf Title: The Property–Efficiency Relationship over Rh/GaxNby Catalysts in Photothermal Dry Reforming of CH4 Subject: Photothermal catalytic dry reforming of methane (DRM) technology not only achieves artificial photosynthesis of fuels but also decreases greenhouse effects. The highly efficient photothermal DRM reaction depends on elaborate catalysts. Therefore, unraveling the relationship between property and catalytic efficiency of catalysts is crucial. In this study, a series of Rh-loaded Ga2O3-Nb2O5 (Rh/GaxNby) were designed via a simple in situ reduction strategy using Rh2O3/Ga2O3-Nb2O5 as a precursor. After an accurate material characterization, as a proof-of-principle, the photothermal efficiency could be attributed to (i) the amount of medium and strong basic sites on the catalyst surface; (ii) the number of electron–hole pairs upon visible light irradiation. Accordingly, this study used Rh/GaxNby as a model hybrid catalyst to clarify the relationship between the fundamental properties and photothermal catalytic DRM activities, thus providing guidance for the rational design and fabrication of efficient metal/semiconductor composite catalysts for DRM implementation. Keywords: dry reforming of CH4; photothermal catalyst; property–efficiency relationship; Rh-based catalyst; composite catalyst Author: Yuqiao Li, Shaoyuan Sun, Dezheng Li, Huimin Liu and Yiming Lei Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Wed Mar 26 10:20:01 2025 CET ModDate: Wed Mar 26 10:24:43 2025 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 15 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 2134438 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- AIRHKL+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 YWWDEZ+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 VXJCOV+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 KSLAOD+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 XFIZIB+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 32 0 NJEPOP+PalatinoLinotype-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 59 0 NJFAAA+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 65 0 NJFAAB+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 71 0 NJFAAC+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 77 0 NJFAAD+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 80 0 NJFAAE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 83 0 QNWFPZ+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 90 0 NJEPOP+PalatinoLinotype-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 101 0 NJFAAA+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 107 0 NJFAAB+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 113 0 NJFAAC+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 119 0 NJFAAD+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 122 0 NJFAAE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 125 0 NJFAFD+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 128 0 NJEPOP+PalatinoLinotype-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 135 0 NJFAAA+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 141 0 NJFAAB+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 147 0 NJFAAC+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 153 0 NJFAAD+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 156 0 NJFAAE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 159 0 NJFAFD+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 162 0 XWAEJN+EURB10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 169 0 NJEPOP+PalatinoLinotype-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 180 0 NJFAAA+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 186 0 NJFAAB+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 192 0 NJFAAC+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 198 0 NJFAAD+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 201 0 NJFAAE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 204 0 NJFAFD+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 207 0 NJEPOP+PalatinoLinotype-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 217 0 NJFAAA+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 223 0 NJFAAB+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 229 0 NJFAAC+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 235 0 NJFAAD+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 238 0 NJFAAE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 241 0 NJFAFD+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 244 0 NJFICE+TimesNewRomanPSMT CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 247 0 NJFIDF+Cambria CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes no 253 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-05-13 02:08:34 CEST RepresentationInformation: catalysts-15-00312-v2.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-05-12 12:40:50 CEST Size: 2134438 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 380 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Results and Discussion Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Catalyst Synthesis and Characterization Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Catalytic Efficiency Evaluation in DRM Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Property Efficiency Relationship of Rh/GaxNby in DRM Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Experimental Section Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Materials Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Catalyst Preparation Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Catalyst Characterizations Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Measurement Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Catalyst Evaluation Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.4 Item: Title: References Destination: appendix.A. Info: Title: The Property Efficiency Relationship over Rh/GaxNby Catalysts in Photothermal Dry Reforming of CH4 Author: Yuqiao Li, Shaoyuan Sun, Dezheng Li, Huimin Liu and Yiming Lei Subject: Photothermal catalytic dry reforming of methane (DRM) technology not only achieves artificial photosynthesis of fuels but also decreases greenhouse effects. The highly efficient photothermal DRM reaction depends on elaborate catalysts. Therefore, unraveling the relationship between property and catalytic efficiency of catalysts is crucial. In this study, a series of Rh-loaded Ga2O3-Nb2O5 (Rh/GaxNby) were designed via a simple in situ reduction strategy using Rh2O3/Ga2O3-Nb2O5 as a precursor. After an accurate material characterization, as a proof-of-principle, the photothermal efficiency could be attributed to (i) the amount of medium and strong basic sites on the catalyst surface; (ii) the number of electron hole pairs upon visible light irradiation. Accordingly, this study used Rh/GaxNby as a model hybrid catalyst to clarify the relationship between the fundamental properties and photothermal catalytic DRM activities, thus providing guidance for the rational design and fabrication of efficient metal/semiconductor composite catalysts for DRM implementation. Keywords: dry reforming of CH4; photothermal catalyst; property efficiency relationship; Rh-based catalyst; composite catalyst Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Wed Mar 26 10:20:01 CET 2025 ModDate: Wed Mar 26 10:24:43 CET 2025 ID: 0xa5304aa008ce91f6f2abafb318024ab9, 0xa5304aa008ce91f6f2abafb318024ab9 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: XFIZIB+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 14 FontDescriptor: FontName: XFIZIB+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: YWWDEZ+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 243 FontDescriptor: FontName: YWWDEZ+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: VXJCOV+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 150 FontDescriptor: FontName: VXJCOV+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: XWAEJN+EURB10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 11 LastChar: 22 FontDescriptor: FontName: XWAEJN+EURB10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -30, -247, 1178, 723 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: AIRHKL+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 160 LastChar: 225 FontDescriptor: FontName: AIRHKL+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: QNWFPZ+EURM10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 11 LastChar: 22 FontDescriptor: FontName: QNWFPZ+EURM10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -32, -243, 1060, 720 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: KSLAOD+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 150 FontDescriptor: FontName: KSLAOD+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 50, 177, 152, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 167, 78, 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 36, 75, 152, 84 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 63, 89, 72 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 773, 137, 809 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 773, 560, 809 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 459, 251, 466, 260 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 467, 251, 474, 260 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 483, 223, 490, 233 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 490, 224, 497, 233 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 423, 182, 430, 191 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 430, 182, 437, 191 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 419, 27, 560, 37 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 320, 87, 339 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 759, 486, 767 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 413, 730, 420, 740 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 549, 605, 556, 614 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 358, 563, 370, 572 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 508, 555, 517 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 494, 231, 503 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 320, 494, 332, 503 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 452, 556, 461 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 209, 410, 221, 419 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 382, 556, 391 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 206, 341, 218, 350 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 219, 341, 231, 350 ActionDest: 275 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 322, 585, 329, 597 ActionDest: 53 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 497, 560, 509, 569 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 509, 560, 521, 569 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 384, 532, 396, 541 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 516, 462, 528, 472 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 529, 462, 541, 472 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 332, 91, 339, 103 ActionDest: 53 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 80, 543, 89 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 80, 556, 89 ActionDest: 275 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 197, 756, 204, 768 ActionDest: 53 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 744, 543, 754 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 745, 556, 754 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 528, 630, 535, 642 ActionDest: 87 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 304, 536, 316, 545 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 317, 536, 329, 545 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 420, 306, 427, 318 ActionDest: 53 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 361, 281, 373, 290 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 374, 281, 385, 290 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 253, 253, 265, 262 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 502, 194, 509, 207 ActionDest: 95 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 273, 181, 280, 193 ActionDest: 95 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 488, 522, 501 ActionDest: 95 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 321, 450, 333, 459 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 334, 450, 346, 459 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 438, 447, 445, 459 ActionDest: 166 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 207, 600, 214, 612 ActionDest: 95 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 398, 547, 410, 556 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 410, 547, 422, 556 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 267, 519, 279, 528 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 279, 519, 291, 528 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 475, 475, 482, 487 ActionDest: 166 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 344, 232, 351, 244 ActionDest: 174 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 248, 518, 256, 530 ActionDest: 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 285, 380, 292, 392 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 385, 323, 392, 336 ActionDest: 211 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 377, 561, 384, 573 ActionDest: 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 396, 536, 408, 545 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 410, 536, 422, 545 ActionDest: 275 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 595, 486, 607 ActionDest: 166 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 242, 525, 248, 537 ActionDest: 259 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 279, 305, 291, 314 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 291, 305, 303, 314 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 391, 277, 403, 286 ActionDest: 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 403, 277, 415, 286 ActionDest: 278 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 438, 121, 445, 133 ActionDest: 174 Page: Sequence: 10 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 194, 714, 200, 726 ActionDest: 166 Page: Sequence: 11 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 390, 616, 397, 628 ActionDest: 269 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 536, 192, 560, 203 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 165, 179, 382, 190 Page: Sequence: 13 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 462, 732, 473, 740 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 476, 732, 487, 740 ActionDest: 272 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 487, 732, 498, 740 ActionDest: 278 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 500, 732, 511, 740 ActionDest: 278 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 521, 495, 557, 506 Page: Sequence: 14 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 274, 335, 310, 346 Page: Sequence: 15 Checksum: 39c89a00 Type: CRC32 Checksum: 1ebb0be4161e675466f37ec668c3ca0f Type: MD5 Checksum: 410caccaf905af79a5a68077110279b856729be2 Type: SHA-1 Checksum: d0a9d5203c333715fa8715736d591f69281819d27ca638ac705e62f92159bc9f Type: SHA-256