39e250202ae0317d1469ad42ca36f2fb medicina-61-00720.pdf eeb766394f4e29fb1f0ad5e20ab5cd976e884ea7 medicina-61-00720.pdf db4ade4765853332415e8b70d21c623b350d5734a08a24096e2da4b1b2049dc0 medicina-61-00720.pdf Title: The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Heart Failure: Pathophysiological Insights and Future Perspectives Subject: The gut microbiota has emerged as a crucial player in cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure (HF). Recent studies have highlighted the bidirectional interaction between the gut and the heart, often referred to as the gut–heart axis. Dysbiosis, characterized by alterations in microbial composition and function, has been linked to systemic inflammation, metabolic disturbances, and impaired cardiovascular homeostasis. This review explores the mechanisms through which gut microbiota influences HF, including microbial metabolite production, inflammatory pathways, endothelial dysfunction, hormonal modulation, fluid retention, and sodium absorption. The potential therapeutic implications of microbiota modulation through diet, probiotics, and pharmacological interventions are also discussed. Understanding these mechanisms could pave the way for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the management of HF. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to establish causality and the development of personalized microbiota-based interventions. Keywords: gut microbiota; heart failure; gut–heart axis; dysbiosis Author: Francisco Epelde Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Mon Apr 14 07:59:04 2025 CEST ModDate: Mon Apr 14 08:02:18 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 15 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1647045 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- POZPJE+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 OHEEVQ+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 ORFPWQ+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 21 0 IDKFED+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 53 0 IDKFEE+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 56 0 IDKFEF+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 62 0 IDKFEH+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 65 0 IDKFIG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 68 0 IDKFED+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 81 0 IDKFEE+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 84 0 IDKFEF+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 90 0 IDKFEH+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 93 0 IDKFIG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 96 0 IDKFED+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 110 0 IDKFEF+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 113 0 IDKFEH+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 116 0 IDKFIG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 119 0 IDKIOF+Arial CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 135 0 IDKFED+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 141 0 IDKFEE+PalatinoLinotype CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 144 0 IDKFEF+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 150 0 IDKFEH+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 153 0 IDKFIG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 156 0 IDKINE+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType MacRoman yes yes no 159 0 QDCWHF+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 173 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-05-13 02:08:17 CEST RepresentationInformation: medicina-61-00720.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-05-12 13:59:22 CEST Size: 1647045 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 491 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Children: Item: Title: Factors Influencing Gut Microbiota Composition Destination: subsection.1.1 Item: Title: Diseases Associated with Gut Microbiota Dysregulation Destination: subsection.1.2 Item: Title: Gut Microbiota and Hydrosaline Retention Destination: subsection.1.3 Item: Title: Gut Microbiota and Endothelial Dysfunction Destination: subsection.1.4 Item: Title: Gut Microbiota and Pharmacological Treatment in Heart Failure Destination: subsection.1.5 Item: Title: Conclusions and Future Perspectives Destination: section.2 Item: Title: References Destination: section.3 Info: Title: The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Heart Failure: Pathophysiological Insights and Future Perspectives Author: Francisco Epelde Subject: The gut microbiota has emerged as a crucial player in cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure (HF). Recent studies have highlighted the bidirectional interaction between the gut and the heart, often referred to as the gut heart axis. Dysbiosis, characterized by alterations in microbial composition and function, has been linked to systemic inflammation, metabolic disturbances, and impaired cardiovascular homeostasis. This review explores the mechanisms through which gut microbiota influences HF, including microbial metabolite production, inflammatory pathways, endothelial dysfunction, hormonal modulation, fluid retention, and sodium absorption. The potential therapeutic implications of microbiota modulation through diet, probiotics, and pharmacological interventions are also discussed. Understanding these mechanisms could pave the way for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the management of HF. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to establish causality and the development of personalized microbiota-based interventions. 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