24895957ddd8504dadf9e7a406ec1dfd world-06-00027.pdf cbc84e63b17915bb18cf8e8253ac5d5a2861fdf1 world-06-00027.pdf b0fdd693b7f17debb65c0377b03195c2249ade57cb14c073779c35315a4384db world-06-00027.pdf Title: Analysing Milk and Dairy Consumption in Ancient Societies: Bioarchaeological, Evolutionary and Human Social Perspectives Subject: Background: In prehistoric societies, especially in the Neolithic period, the study of the palaeodiet assumes special importance as it is one of the points in human history characterised by important changes in diet. In this context, the study of food intolerances is even more significant. Methods: Some of the individuals studied were analysed from a genetic point of view, while a systematic literature review was performed from a genetic perspective, verifying the persistence or absence of lactase in adulthood, and information from necropolises regarding the presence of biomarkers linked to possible consumption of dairy products was analysed. Results: The results indicate a clear majority of individuals with hypolactasia in adulthood, although in a Pyrenean necropolis, studied here for the first time, the lactase persistence allele was already detected. Dairy consumption was also verified to be widespread in very early Neolithic periods. Conclusions: From a population perspective, this study enables a deeper understanding of past populations’ daily lives, expanding our perspective on their dietary patterns. From an evolutionary standpoint, it illuminates a pivotal point in human history and evolution within the European context, where past and modern dairy consumption, particularly cheese, has profound implications for both present and past economies. Keywords: Neolithic; lactose; ancient DNA; milk; dairy; cheese Author: Cláudia Gomes, César López-Matayoshi, Gerard Remolins, Juan F. Gibaja, M. Eulàlia Subirà, Maria Fondevila, Sara Palomo-Díez, Ana María López-Parra, Elena Labajo-González, Maria Victoria Lareu, Bernardo Perea-Pérez and Eduardo Arroyo-Pardo Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Mon Feb 10 10:37:40 2025 CET ModDate: Mon Feb 10 10:41:15 2025 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 19 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 317698 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- WNWTFR+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 YQGOQN+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 EITCVQ+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 TXDOUH+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 KXFZBW+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 32 0 UNJBAV+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 58 0 AARJPP+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 63 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-05-29 02:09:16 CEST RepresentationInformation: world-06-00027.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-05-28 12:06:11 CEST Size: 317698 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 392 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Children: Item: Title: Lactose Digestion in Humans Destination: subsection.1.1 Item: Title: Evidence of Dairy Consumption Among Neolithic Individuals in Europe Destination: subsection.1.2 Item: Title: The Case of the Pyrenean Mountains Destination: subsection.1.3 Item: Title: Consumption of Secondary Products in Neolithic Europe Destination: subsection.1.4 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: The Case of the Pyrenees Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: The Iberian Peninsula and Milk Consumption in the Neolithic Period Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Lactase Persistence and Bioarchaeological Investigations Destination: subsection.4.3 Item: Title: Bioarchaeological and Evolutionary Perspectives Destination: subsection.4.4 Item: Title: Socio-Economic Perspective Destination: subsection.4.5 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.6 Info: Title: Analysing Milk and Dairy Consumption in Ancient Societies: Bioarchaeological, Evolutionary and Human Social Perspectives Author: Cláudia Gomes, César López-Matayoshi, Gerard Remolins, Juan F. Gibaja, M. Eulàlia Subirà, Maria Fondevila, Sara Palomo-Díez, Ana María López-Parra, Elena Labajo-González, Maria Victoria Lareu, Bernardo Perea-Pérez and Eduardo Arroyo-Pardo Subject: Background: In prehistoric societies, especially in the Neolithic period, the study of the palaeodiet assumes special importance as it is one of the points in human history characterised by important changes in diet. In this context, the study of food intolerances is even more significant. Methods: Some of the individuals studied were analysed from a genetic point of view, while a systematic literature review was performed from a genetic perspective, verifying the persistence or absence of lactase in adulthood, and information from necropolises regarding the presence of biomarkers linked to possible consumption of dairy products was analysed. Results: The results indicate a clear majority of individuals with hypolactasia in adulthood, although in a Pyrenean necropolis, studied here for the first time, the lactase persistence allele was already detected. Dairy consumption was also verified to be widespread in very early Neolithic periods. Conclusions: From a population perspective, this study enables a deeper understanding of past populations’ daily lives, expanding our perspective on their dietary patterns. From an evolutionary standpoint, it illuminates a pivotal point in human history and evolution within the European context, where past and modern dairy consumption, particularly cheese, has profound implications for both present and past economies. 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