7f105fcd5427446f75b637d2f315359d  electronics-14-00898-v2.pdf
3dcd73a002aa1fa359bac5ed8ff55fa327f74cbc  electronics-14-00898-v2.pdf
b48881fc9589738f538fcbd6349b99f96161e4dba678479bdbf74f18f321d6ac  electronics-14-00898-v2.pdf

Title:           GNSS Spoofing Modeling and Consistency-Check-Based Spoofing Mitigation with Android Raw Data
Subject:         Spoofing events are increasingly affecting the performance of devices and operations relying on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs). Developing powerful and robust GNSS spoofing detection and mitigation algorithms is an important endeavor in the GNSS community nowadays; some of the challenges in this field are limited access to spoofing measurement data, as spoofing over wireless channels is not legally allowed and in-lab spoofing emulators are not necessarily able to precisely capture the effects of radio channels, and the fact that classical Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring approaches are typically quite complex, especially when dealing with complex or targeted spoofers. Our paper addresses these two challenges, first, by proposing a targeted spoofing model with a variable number of spoofed satellites, starting from Android raw pseudorange measurements, and second, by introducing a consistency-check-based iterative approach for spoofing detection and mitigation. We test our solution in various dynamic scenarios (bus, walk, ferry, car, flight, and bike), and we show that the positioning error correction rates depend on the number of spoofing pseudorandom (PRN) codes, as well as on the spoofing error introduced by our model. We also show that a large part of the spoofing errors can be mitigated with the proposed algorithms if the number of spoofed satellites (or pseudoranges) is sufficiently low with respect to the total number of visible satellites.
Keywords:        global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs); GNSSlogger; measurements; raw Android data; spoofing
Author:          Enrique Takiguchi Medina and Elena Simona Lohan
Creator:         LaTeX with hyperref
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Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18)
 Date: 2025-06-04 02:09:38 CEST
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     Item: 
      Title: Introduction
      Destination: section.1
     Item: 
      Title: GNSS Spoofing Problem Overview
      Destination: section.2
     Item: 
      Title: Data Collection and Pre-Processing
      Destination: section.3
     Item: 
      Title: List of Main Symbols and Notations
      Destination: section.4
     Item: 
      Title: Spoofing Model
      Destination: section.5
     Item: 
      Title: Proposed Consistency-Check-Based Spoofing Mitigation Algorithm
      Destination: section.6
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: General Algorithm
        Destination: subsection.6.1
       Item: 
        Title: Spoofing and Linking History Indexes
        Destination: subsection.6.2
       Item: 
        Title: Initial Evaluations
        Destination: subsection.6.3
       Item: 
        Title: Iterative Search
        Destination: subsection.6.4
       Item: 
        Title: Multiple-Solution Case
        Destination: subsection.6.5
       Item: 
        Title: CRP Calculation Based on Candidate Subsets
        Destination: subsection.6.6
     Item: 
      Title: Scenario-by-Scenario Results with Android Data
      Destination: section.7
      Children: 
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        Title: Walk Scenario
        Destination: subsection.7.1
       Item: 
        Title: Bus Scenario
        Destination: subsection.7.2
       Item: 
        Title: Flight Scenario
        Destination: subsection.7.3
     Item: 
      Title: Comparative Results of Six Scenarios
      Destination: section.8
     Item: 
      Title: The Impact of Changing the Spoofed PRN Code and the Number of Spoofing Signals in a Spoofing Scenario
      Destination: section.9
     Item: 
      Title: Brief Discussion on Computational Complexity
      Destination: section.10
     Item: 
      Title: Conclusions and Open Issues
      Destination: section.11
     Item: 
      Title: References
      Destination: section.12
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    Title: GNSS Spoofing Modeling and Consistency-Check-Based Spoofing Mitigation with Android Raw Data
    Author: Enrique Takiguchi Medina and Elena Simona Lohan
    Subject: Spoofing events are increasingly affecting the performance of devices and operations relying on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs). Developing powerful and robust GNSS spoofing detection and mitigation algorithms is an important endeavor in the GNSS community nowadays; some of the challenges in this field are limited access to spoofing measurement data, as spoofing over wireless channels is not legally allowed and in-lab spoofing emulators are not necessarily able to precisely capture the effects of radio channels, and the fact that classical Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring approaches are typically quite complex, especially when dealing with complex or targeted spoofers. Our paper addresses these two challenges, first, by proposing a targeted spoofing model with a variable number of spoofed satellites, starting from Android raw pseudorange measurements, and second, by introducing a consistency-check-based iterative approach for spoofing detection and mitigation. We test our solution in various dynamic scenarios (bus, walk, ferry, car, flight, and bike), and we show that the positioning error correction rates depend on the number of spoofing pseudorandom (PRN) codes, as well as on the spoofing error introduced by our model. We also show that a large part of the spoofing errors can be mitigated with the proposed algorithms if the number of spoofed satellites (or pseudoranges) is sufficiently low with respect to the total number of visible satellites.
    Keywords: global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs); GNSSlogger; measurements; raw Android data; spoofing
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   Type: CRC32
  Checksum: 7f105fcd5427446f75b637d2f315359d
   Type: MD5
  Checksum: 3dcd73a002aa1fa359bac5ed8ff55fa327f74cbc
   Type: SHA-1
  Checksum: b48881fc9589738f538fcbd6349b99f96161e4dba678479bdbf74f18f321d6ac
   Type: SHA-256