ee5da9fd0c9c4940597caec68f5ee591 philosophies-10-00051.pdf a036c85a86c88fb7d1f531b40386b955d6204e7c philosophies-10-00051.pdf 5e005570450c65bd6594eeb3e7a2f3f1698b824796a89852f551f25858291b6d philosophies-10-00051.pdf Title: Enactivism, Health, AI, and Non-Neurotypical Individuals: Toward Contextualized, Personalized, and Ethically Grounded Interventions Subject: The enactive approach offers a powerful theoretical lens for designing artificial intelligence (AI) systems intended to support the health and well-being of non-neurotypical individuals, including those on the autism spectrum and those with with ADHD, dyslexia, or other forms of neurodivergence. By emphasizing embodiment, relationality, and participatory sense-making, enactivism encourages AI-based interventions that are highly personalized, context-sensitive, and ethically aware. This paper explores how existing AI applications—ranging from socially assistive robots and virtual reality (VR) therapies to language-processing apps and personalized treatment planning—may be enhanced by incorporating enactivist principles. Despite their promise, practical adoption of AI technologies in real-world clinical practice remains limited, and persistent challenges such as algorithmic bias, privacy concerns, and the tendency to overlook subjective dimensions raise cautionary notes. Drawing on relevant philosophical literature, empirical studies, and cross-disciplinary debates (including the friction and potential synergies between predictive processing and enactivism), we argue that AI solutions grounded in enactivist thinking can more effectively honor user autonomy, acknowledge the embodied nature of neurodiverse cognition, and avoid reductive standardizations. This expanded, revised version integrates insights on neurodiversity, mental health paradigms, and the ethical imperatives of AI deployment, thereby offering a more comprehensive roadmap for researchers, clinicians, and system developers alike. Keywords: enactivism; AI systems; non-neurotypical individuals; health therapies; personalized interventions; neurodiversity Author: Jordi Vallverdú Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Mon Apr 28 15:59:06 2025 CEST ModDate: Mon Apr 28 16:04:54 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 10 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 228206 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- MIKRSI+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 SDMMQW+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 ZYANDI+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 YKCTCX+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 GFAWRG+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 53 0 WPQCLC+wasy10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 73 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-07-08 02:41:34 CEST RepresentationInformation: philosophies-10-00051.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-07-07 11:40:40 CEST Size: 228206 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 225 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction: The Rise of AI in Health and Mental Well-Being Destination: section.1 Children: Item: Title: Background: AI’s Ascendancy and Constraints in Healthcare Destination: subsection.1.1 Item: Title: Defining “Non-Neurotypical” Destination: subsection.1.2 Item: Title: Enactivism as a Potentially Transformative Lens Destination: subsection.1.3 Item: Title: AI Uses in Non-Neurotypical Healthcare Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Overview of Existing Applications Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Opportunities and Ethical Pitfalls Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Enactivism: Core Principles and Compatibility with AI Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Revisiting the Enactive Paradigm Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Interaction Theory vs. Predictive Processing Debates Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Neurodiversity Perspectives Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Enactivism’s Contribution to AI Design for Non-Neurotypical Users Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Embodied and Context-Sensitive Interventions Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Social Interdependence and Relationality Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Agency and Autonomy Enhancement Destination: subsection.4.3 Item: Title: Addressing Cultural and Environmental Contexts Destination: subsection.4.4 Item: Title: Participatory Sense-Making Tools Destination: subsection.4.5 Item: Title: Ethical and Practical Implications Destination: section.5 Children: Item: Title: Algorithmic Bias and Data Fairness Destination: subsection.5.1 Item: Title: Privacy and Informed Consent Destination: subsection.5.2 Item: Title: Autonomy vs. Automation Destination: subsection.5.3 Item: Title: Human Contact, Empathy, and Social Withdrawal Destination: subsection.5.4 Item: Title: Toward a More Holistic (Inter-)Personalized Approach Destination: section.6 Children: Item: Title: Expanding “Personalized” to “Inter-Personalized” Destination: subsection.6.1 Item: Title: Addressing the “Double Empathy” Challenge Destination: subsection.6.2 Item: Title: Counterarguments and Refinements Destination: section.7 Children: Item: Title: “Too Broad or Philosophical?” Destination: subsection.7.1 Item: Title: Correcting Overly Sweeping Ethical Claims Destination: subsection.7.2 Item: Title: Integrating Predictive Processing Without Negating Embodiment Destination: subsection.7.3 Item: Title: Neurobiological Considerations Destination: subsection.7.4 Item: Title: Guidelines for Enactive AI Interventions Destination: section.8 Item: Title: Future Directions and Research Destination: section.9 Children: Item: Title: Empirical Validation and Longitudinal Impact Destination: subsection.9.1 Item: Title: Ambient Smart Environments Destination: subsection.9.2 Item: Title: Bridging Predictive Mind and Enactive Mind Destination: subsection.9.3 Item: Title: Cross-Cultural and Policy Considerations Destination: subsection.9.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.10 Item: Title: References Destination: section.11 Info: Title: Enactivism, Health, AI, and Non-Neurotypical Individuals: Toward Contextualized, Personalized, and Ethically Grounded Interventions Author: Jordi Vallverdú Subject: The enactive approach offers a powerful theoretical lens for designing artificial intelligence (AI) systems intended to support the health and well-being of non-neurotypical individuals, including those on the autism spectrum and those with with ADHD, dyslexia, or other forms of neurodivergence. By emphasizing embodiment, relationality, and participatory sense-making, enactivism encourages AI-based interventions that are highly personalized, context-sensitive, and ethically aware. This paper explores how existing AI applications ranging from socially assistive robots and virtual reality (VR) therapies to language-processing apps and personalized treatment planning may be enhanced by incorporating enactivist principles. Despite their promise, practical adoption of AI technologies in real-world clinical practice remains limited, and persistent challenges such as algorithmic bias, privacy concerns, and the tendency to overlook subjective dimensions raise cautionary notes. Drawing on relevant philosophical literature, empirical studies, and cross-disciplinary debates (including the friction and potential synergies between predictive processing and enactivism), we argue that AI solutions grounded in enactivist thinking can more effectively honor user autonomy, acknowledge the embodied nature of neurodiverse cognition, and avoid reductive standardizations. This expanded, revised version integrates insights on neurodiversity, mental health paradigms, and the ethical imperatives of AI deployment, thereby offering a more comprehensive roadmap for researchers, clinicians, and system developers alike. 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