4ccd098c40d70a0e94821cb9792a576b jcm-14-01169.pdf 5c0bed754f37d57e3128e5ea3d98eb3e9c0c30a0 jcm-14-01169.pdf 213d50479f440595ecba6d6f79b5d61fdb16207272bd51f986c655aab5f83e50 jcm-14-01169.pdf Title: Is There an Association Between Cigarette Smoking and Advanced Liver Fibrosis in Smokers with HIV, Heavy Drinking and High Prevalence of HCV? Subject: Background: Cigarette smoking has been associated with liver fibrosis in the setting of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection but has not been studied among people with HIV (PWH) who consume alcohol. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of PWH with heavy drinking and daily smoking in St. Petersburg, Russia. The primary independent variable was past 30-day cigarettes per day (cpd), and the secondary independent variable was pack-years at study entry. Advanced liver fibrosis was defined as FIB-4 > 3.25. Analyses were adjusted for gender, body mass index (BMI), past 30-day number of heavy drinking days, HCV and CD4 count. Results: Participants (n = 400) were two-thirds male (67.3%), young (median age 38 years), lean (median BMI 22), HCV antibody positive (84.5%) and not severely immune suppressed (median CD4 count 351). The median number of past-month cpd was 20 (IQR: 15–25), and the median pack-years was 24 (IQR: 17–31.8). The prevalence of advanced liver fibrosis was 11.3% (45/400). In the adjusted logistic regression analyses, we did not observe a significant association between cpd [middle (10.1–20 cigarettes) vs. lowest (5–10 cigarettes) category (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] (95% confidence interval [CI]): 1.06 (0.40–2.83), highest (>20.0 cigarettes) vs. lowest category aOR (95% CI): 0.65 (0.21–1.99), global p-value = 0.62]. The secondary analysis with pack-years yielded similar results [middle (20.1–30 pack-years) vs. lowest category (20 pack-years) aOR (95% CI): 0.81 (0.33–1.99), highest category (>30 pack-years) vs. lowest category aOR (95% CI): 0.91 (0.38–2.19); global p-value = 0.58]. Conclusions: In this Russian cohort of PWH, we did not detect an association between recent cigarette use or mean pack-years and advanced liver fibrosis. Keywords: tobacco use; liver fibrosis; alcohol; hepatitis C virus; HIV Author: Daniel Fuster, Kaku So-Armah, Debbie M. Cheng, Elena Blokhina, Gregory Patts, Dmitry Lioznov, Natalia Gnatienko, Michelle T. Long, Matthew S. Freiberg, Hilary Tindle and Jeffrey H. Samet Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Tue Feb 11 10:56:58 2025 CET ModDate: Tue Feb 11 11:06:34 2025 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 11 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 247564 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- QKZKVH+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 FEWNRC+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 EYDMVY+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 DAOWAO+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 ZZLTBA+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 32 0 WBVKDJ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 67 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-07-23 02:47:54 CEST RepresentationInformation: jcm-14-01169.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-07-22 15:41:25 CEST Size: 247564 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 253 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Participants Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Eligibility Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Independent Variable Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Outcome Variable Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.5 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Item: Title: References Destination: section.5 Info: Title: Is There an Association Between Cigarette Smoking and Advanced Liver Fibrosis in Smokers with HIV, Heavy Drinking and High Prevalence of HCV? Author: Daniel Fuster, Kaku So-Armah, Debbie M. Cheng, Elena Blokhina, Gregory Patts, Dmitry Lioznov, Natalia Gnatienko, Michelle T. Long, Matthew S. Freiberg, Hilary Tindle and Jeffrey H. Samet Subject: Background: Cigarette smoking has been associated with liver fibrosis in the setting of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection but has not been studied among people with HIV (PWH) who consume alcohol. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of PWH with heavy drinking and daily smoking in St. Petersburg, Russia. The primary independent variable was past 30-day cigarettes per day (cpd), and the secondary independent variable was pack-years at study entry. Advanced liver fibrosis was defined as FIB-4 > 3.25. Analyses were adjusted for gender, body mass index (BMI), past 30-day number of heavy drinking days, HCV and CD4 count. Results: Participants (n = 400) were two-thirds male (67.3%), young (median age 38 years), lean (median BMI 22), HCV antibody positive (84.5%) and not severely immune suppressed (median CD4 count 351). The median number of past-month cpd was 20 (IQR: 15 25), and the median pack-years was 24 (IQR: 17 31.8). The prevalence of advanced liver fibrosis was 11.3% (45/400). In the adjusted logistic regression analyses, we did not observe a significant association between cpd [middle (10.1 20 cigarettes) vs. lowest (5 10 cigarettes) category (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] (95% confidence interval [CI]): 1.06 (0.40 2.83), highest (>20.0 cigarettes) vs. lowest category aOR (95% CI): 0.65 (0.21 1.99), global p-value = 0.62]. The secondary analysis with pack-years yielded similar results [middle (20.1 30 pack-years) vs. lowest category (20 pack-years) aOR (95% CI): 0.81 (0.33 1.99), highest category (>30 pack-years) vs. lowest category aOR (95% CI): 0.91 (0.38 2.19); global p-value = 0.58]. Conclusions: In this Russian cohort of PWH, we did not detect an association between recent cigarette use or mean pack-years and advanced liver fibrosis. 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