5dfe334035bde75a7498aec0df9c0c74 animals-15-02225-v2.pdf cd6a05cd4fa8ed060629719ba2a168d24f8a7018 animals-15-02225-v2.pdf 0de28df1cd2068762ece764d87a8d75a67e1925a3d73ed1d185f48e9e27c2c00 animals-15-02225-v2.pdf Title: The Correlation Between Body Pain Indicators and the Facial Expression Scale in Sows During Farrowing and Pre-Weaning: The Effects of Parity, the Farrowing Moment, and Suckling Events Subject: Parturition is accepted as a painful situation. Few studies explore pain-specific behaviours during farrowing in sows. The objectives of this study were, first, to assess if behavioural pain indicators (BPIs) are affected by the farrowing moment, parity, and suckling events, and second, to determine the relationship between the Facial Action Units (FAUs) and BPIs during farrowing. Ten Danbred sows were recorded throughout farrowing and on day 19 post-farrowing. Continuous observations of five BPIs and five FAUs were obtained across the three moments studied: (i) at the expulsion of the piglets, (ii) the time interval between the delivery of each piglet, and (iii) 19 days after farrowing, used as a control. Primiparous sows had more BPIs but fewer postural changes than multiparous sows. The BPIs were more frequent during suckling events in the pre-weaning moment. All the FAUs and BPIs were rare or absent post-farrowing (p < 0.05), and almost all of them were more frequent during farrowing (especially at the moment of delivery). Back arching showed the highest correlation with all the FAUs, and tension above the eyes showed the highest correlation with four of the BPIs. The BPIs and FAUs indicate that sows experience more pain during farrowing than during the third week post-farrowing, and piglet expulsion is the most painful moment in farrowing. Keywords: behaviour; facial expression; pain indicator; farrowing; suckling; parity Author: Elena Navarro, Raúl David Guevara, Eva Mainau, Ricardo de Miguel and Xavier Manteca Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Tue Jul 29 10:51:45 2025 CEST ModDate: Tue Jul 29 11:32:30 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 14 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1150868 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- XBSCHT+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 131 0 SSXPJJ+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 132 0 HJNATU+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 133 0 BSFETW+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 134 0 CWMVMH+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 220 0 AEBBVM+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 249 0 WBVKDJ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 271 0 PSHTLU+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 264 0 JWHJFG+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 265 0 ATUHJY+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 266 0 AGWHJY+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 267 0 PSHTLU+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 284 0 JWHJFG+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 285 0 ATUHJY+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 286 0 AGWHJY+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 287 0 PSHTLU+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 321 0 JWHJFG+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 322 0 ATUHJY+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 323 0 AGWHJY+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 324 0 PSHTLU+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 354 0 JWHJFG+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 355 0 ATUHJY+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 356 0 AGWHJY+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 357 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-09-09 03:10:26 CEST RepresentationInformation: animals-15-02225-v2.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-09-08 14:32:33 CEST Size: 1150868 Format: PDF Version: 1.5 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 541 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Materials and Methods Children: Item: Title: Animals, Housing, and General Management Item: Title: Experimental Procedure Item: Title: Images, Selection, and Evaluation Item: Title: Video Analysis Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Item: Title: Results Children: Item: Title: Incidence of Body Pain Indicators Item: Title: Facial Action Units Item: Title: Correlation Between Body Pain Indicators and Facial Expressions Item: Title: Activity During Farrowing Item: Title: Discussion Children: Item: Title: Incidence of Body Pain Indicators Considering Parturition, Effect of Suckling Events, and Farrowing Moment Item: Title: Facial Expressions and Their Correlation with the Body Pain Indicators Item: Title: Sows’ Postures, Postural Changes, and Time Spent in Each Posture Item: Title: Conclusions Item: Title: References Info: Title: The Correlation Between Body Pain Indicators and the Facial Expression Scale in Sows During Farrowing and Pre-Weaning: The Effects of Parity, the Farrowing Moment, and Suckling Events Author: Elena Navarro, Raúl David Guevara, Eva Mainau, Ricardo de Miguel and Xavier Manteca Subject: Parturition is accepted as a painful situation. Few studies explore pain-specific behaviours during farrowing in sows. The objectives of this study were, first, to assess if behavioural pain indicators (BPIs) are affected by the farrowing moment, parity, and suckling events, and second, to determine the relationship between the Facial Action Units (FAUs) and BPIs during farrowing. Ten Danbred sows were recorded throughout farrowing and on day 19 post-farrowing. Continuous observations of five BPIs and five FAUs were obtained across the three moments studied: (i) at the expulsion of the piglets, (ii) the time interval between the delivery of each piglet, and (iii) 19 days after farrowing, used as a control. Primiparous sows had more BPIs but fewer postural changes than multiparous sows. The BPIs were more frequent during suckling events in the pre-weaning moment. All the FAUs and BPIs were rare or absent post-farrowing (p < 0.05), and almost all of them were more frequent during farrowing (especially at the moment of delivery). Back arching showed the highest correlation with all the FAUs, and tension above the eyes showed the highest correlation with four of the BPIs. The BPIs and FAUs indicate that sows experience more pain during farrowing than during the third week post-farrowing, and piglet expulsion is the most painful moment in farrowing. 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