0a780784f583c7f69b594c1e2e44e4f7 MDPI_a2025v15p2207.pdf dd0a696142a8b43c8cbd58f51fd9bc7eeb5c9078 MDPI_a2025v15p2207.pdf 4682f908d468e67ece3364cd3783df519cd612e2c34d59a5faf8109769a7ba14 MDPI_a2025v15p2207.pdf Title: Clinical Effectiveness of Dry Needling on Myofascial Trigger Points in Horses: A Prospective Algometric Controlled Study Subject: Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is caused by trigger points (TrPs): hypersensitive spots in taut muscle bands that impair function and cause pain. Dry needling (DN) is a common treatment in humans, but evidence in horses is limited. This prospective, controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of DN in reducing TrP-related pain in the brachiocephalic muscle of horses. Of the 98 horses enrolled, 66 were allocated to a treatment group receiving weekly DN sessions for three weeks, while 32 were assigned to a control group with no intervention. Pain and function were assessed using pressure algometry, a numerical rating scale (NRS), a functional total test score (FTTS), and behavioral indicators including jump sign (JS), equine pain face (EPF), and local twitch responses (LTRs). Assessments were performed at baseline and at 0, 4, 24, and 72 h post-intervention. Results indicate a significant increase in pressure pain thresholds (p < 0.001), especially after the second and third sessions. Both NRS and FTTS improved significantly over time (p < 0.001), and LTRs progressively decreased. EPF and JS showed minimal variation. These results support the use of DN to reduce local muscle pain and improve function in horses with TrPs. Further robust studies are warranted to refine protocols and investigate long-term effects. Keywords: horse; trigger point; pain; palpation; algometry; dry needling; myofascial pain syndrome; equine brachiocephalic muscle Author: Maria Calatayud-Bonilla, Jorge U. Carmona and Marta Prades Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Sun Jul 27 09:59:05 2025 CEST ModDate: Sun Jul 27 10:02:13 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 22 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 2878410 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- MIKRSI+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 144 0 EORWJG+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 145 0 WZCQPA+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 146 0 AWYKNL+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 147 0 SJRTLN+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 273 0 UZTFNJ+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 274 0 SJRTLN+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 298 0 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Introduction Item: Title: Materials and Methods Children: Item: Title: Ethical Considerations and Study Population Item: Title: Study Design and Interventions Children: Item: Title: Pre-Treatment and Post-Treatment Conditions Item: Title: Intervention Sessions (First Day of Each Week) Item: Title: Follow-Up Measurements (Second and Fourth Days of Each Week) Item: Title: Algometry Protocol Item: Title: Dry Needling (DN) Procedure Item: Title: Trigger Point Criteria (Palpation) Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Item: Title: Results Children: Item: Title: Algometry Results Item: Title: Results from Categorical and Count Outcomes Children: Item: Title: Functional Total Test Score Item: Title: Numerical Rating Scale Item: Title: Local Twitch Responses (LTRs) Item: Title: Equine Pain Face Item: Title: Jump Sign (JS) Item: Title: Discussion Item: Title: Conclusions Item: Title: Appendix A Item: Title: References Info: Title: Clinical Effectiveness of Dry Needling on Myofascial Trigger Points in Horses: A Prospective Algometric Controlled Study Author: Maria Calatayud-Bonilla, Jorge U. Carmona and Marta Prades Subject: Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is caused by trigger points (TrPs): hypersensitive spots in taut muscle bands that impair function and cause pain. Dry needling (DN) is a common treatment in humans, but evidence in horses is limited. This prospective, controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of DN in reducing TrP-related pain in the brachiocephalic muscle of horses. Of the 98 horses enrolled, 66 were allocated to a treatment group receiving weekly DN sessions for three weeks, while 32 were assigned to a control group with no intervention. Pain and function were assessed using pressure algometry, a numerical rating scale (NRS), a functional total test score (FTTS), and behavioral indicators including jump sign (JS), equine pain face (EPF), and local twitch responses (LTRs). Assessments were performed at baseline and at 0, 4, 24, and 72 h post-intervention. Results indicate a significant increase in pressure pain thresholds (p < 0.001), especially after the second and third sessions. Both NRS and FTTS improved significantly over time (p < 0.001), and LTRs progressively decreased. EPF and JS showed minimal variation. These results support the use of DN to reduce local muscle pain and improve function in horses with TrPs. Further robust studies are warranted to refine protocols and investigate long-term effects. 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