4b6fb8bd0b31d65c268a109acb0ad5a6 ijms-26-07845.pdf 1e394788371baeb66f080fbdb3eb72af08b4b1b3 ijms-26-07845.pdf a4167a5496474840ddb5a0669eb32a927168f74ac1f6e7154b62509d014f967b ijms-26-07845.pdf Title: Effects of Microplastics and Nanoplastics Exposure on Neurogenesis: Are Thymidine Analogs a Good Option to Study Such Effects? Subject: An important disadvantage of plastics is their fragmentation into smaller particles, classified according to size as microplastics and nanoplastics. These plastic particles persist for extended periods in aerial, terrestrial, and aquatic ecosystems and can be incorporated into animal bodies through various routes, including inhalation, dermal contact, and the food chain. The accumulation of these debris generates toxicity on several organs, including the nervous system. In this review article, I will cover the detrimental consequences of plastic exposure on the nervous system, the impact of microplastics and nanoplastics on the genesis of neurons both in the embryonic period as well as in adulthood, and the reliability of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling as a tool to analyze the effect of microplastic and nanoplastic exposure on the proliferative behavior of neuronal precursors. BrdU is a marker of DNA synthesis. It is widely used to identify proliferating neuroblasts and follow their fate during embryonic, perinatal, and adult neurogenesis. However, the use of BrdU labeling for analyzing neurogenesis may be inaccurate due to pitfalls and limitations. This is because BrdU exposure can induce apoptosis, cellular senescence, and alterations in DNA methylation. Interestingly, these cellular events also occur following exposure to plastic particles. Keywords: microplastics; nanoplastics; central nervous system; neurogenesis; thymidine analogues; BrdU-labeling Author: Mercè Encinas and Joaquin Martí Clúa Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Thu Aug 14 11:38:42 2025 CEST ModDate: Thu Aug 14 11:58:49 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 14 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 486610 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- PLOLAK+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 81 0 YUOPUN+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 82 0 OJQVNF+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 83 0 WYEKQU+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 84 0 DWOQPI+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 85 0 TZSYLG+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 86 0 QPZFHW+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 139 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-09-10 03:08:27 CEST RepresentationInformation: ijms-26-07845.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-09-09 11:00:34 CEST Size: 486610 Format: PDF Version: 1.5 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 555 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Harmful Effects of Plastic Particle Exposure on the Central Nervous System Item: Title: Detrimental Consequences of Plastic Particle Exposure on the Production of Neurons Both in the Prenatal and Adult Life Item: Title: Plastic Particles Exposure and Neurogenesis in the Context ofthe BrdU-Labeling Children: Item: Title: Plastic Particles and 5-Bromo-2'-Deoxyuridine Induce Apoptosis Item: Title: Plastic Particles and 5-Bromo-2’-Deoxyuridine Induce Senescence Item: Title: Plastic Particles and 5-Bromo-2'-Deoxyuridine Alter DNA Methylation Item: Title: Conclusions and Future Perspectives Item: Title: References Info: Title: Effects of Microplastics and Nanoplastics Exposure on Neurogenesis: Are Thymidine Analogs a Good Option to Study Such Effects? Author: Mercè Encinas and Joaquin Martí Clúa Subject: An important disadvantage of plastics is their fragmentation into smaller particles, classified according to size as microplastics and nanoplastics. These plastic particles persist for extended periods in aerial, terrestrial, and aquatic ecosystems and can be incorporated into animal bodies through various routes, including inhalation, dermal contact, and the food chain. The accumulation of these debris generates toxicity on several organs, including the nervous system. In this review article, I will cover the detrimental consequences of plastic exposure on the nervous system, the impact of microplastics and nanoplastics on the genesis of neurons both in the embryonic period as well as in adulthood, and the reliability of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling as a tool to analyze the effect of microplastic and nanoplastic exposure on the proliferative behavior of neuronal precursors. BrdU is a marker of DNA synthesis. It is widely used to identify proliferating neuroblasts and follow their fate during embryonic, perinatal, and adult neurogenesis. However, the use of BrdU labeling for analyzing neurogenesis may be inaccurate due to pitfalls and limitations. This is because BrdU exposure can induce apoptosis, cellular senescence, and alterations in DNA methylation. Interestingly, these cellular events also occur following exposure to plastic particles. 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