e39500253be639c509c386206a2194a3 urbansci-09-00263.pdf 94ceec92a8126bab4a2c1aeb2d25ba92ed60c25e urbansci-09-00263.pdf dd563007bb8e2f1729ccbd11384d3a8e5c5c7934236a6b145a0de75527bb8a27 urbansci-09-00263.pdf Title: Assessing the Determinants of Energy Poverty in Jordan Based on a Novel Composite Index Subject: Energy poverty, resulting from poor energy efficiency and economic and social barriers to accessing appropriate, modern, and sustainable energy services, remains a critical issue in Jordan, a country facing growing climate pressures, particularly given its history of rapid urbanization. This study examines energy poverty through a multidimensional lens, considering its spatial and socio-demographic variations across Jordan. Drawing on data from 19,475 households, we apply a novel energy poverty index and binary logistic regression to analyze key determinants of energy poverty and discuss their intersection with climate vulnerability. The energy poverty index (EPI) is structured around four pillars: housing, fuel, cooling, and wealth. The results show that 51% of households in Jordan are affected by energy poverty. Contributing factors include geographic location, gender, age, education level, dwelling type, ownership of cooling appliances, and financial stability. The results indicate that energy poverty is both a socio-economic and infrastructural issue, with the highest concentrations in the northern and southern regions of the country, areas also vulnerable to climate risks such as drought and extreme heat. Our findings emphasize the need for integrated policy approaches that simultaneously address income inequality, infrastructure deficits, and environmental stressors. Targeted strategies are needed to align social and climate policies for effective energy poverty mitigation and climate resilience planning in Jordan. Keywords: energy vulnerability; climate vulnerability; MENA region; multidimensional energy poverty index; energy transition; regional disparities; sustainable regions; Global South; spatiality Author: Mohammad M. Jaber, Ana Stojilovska and Hyerim Yoon Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Tue Jul 8 12:00:47 2025 CEST ModDate: Tue Jul 8 12:03:16 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 23 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1125252 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- KWFVLI+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 WVPWVD+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 DDQASG+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 22 0 XGUDKF+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 LBOIPA+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 73 0 GIGFZE+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 92 0 FXXUVH+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 97 0 LBOIPA+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 117 0 LBOIOO+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 131 0 LBOIPA+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 134 0 LBOJED+TimesNewRoman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 137 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-09-10 03:08:04 CEST RepresentationInformation: urbansci-09-00263.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-09-09 11:57:01 CEST Size: 1125252 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 445 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Literature Review Destination: section.2 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Variables and Data Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Descriptive Statistics of the Variables Used to Build the EPI Destination: subsection.3.2 Children: Item: Title: Housing Score Destination: subsubsection.3.2.1 Item: Title: Fuel Score Destination: subsubsection.3.2.2 Item: Title: Cooling Score Destination: subsubsection.3.2.3 Item: Title: Wealth Index Destination: subsubsection.3.2.4 Item: Title: Energy Poverty Index (EPI) Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Binary Logistic Regression Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Empirical Results Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: EPI Pillar Correlations Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: EPI Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: ANOVA Results and Regional Distribution of EP Destination: subsection.4.3 Item: Title: Sensitivity Analysis Destination: subsection.4.4 Item: Title: Determinants of Energy Poverty in Jordan Destination: subsection.4.5 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.5 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.6 Item: Title: References Destination: section.7 Info: Title: Assessing the Determinants of Energy Poverty in Jordan Based on a Novel Composite Index Author: Mohammad M. Jaber, Ana Stojilovska and Hyerim Yoon Subject: Energy poverty, resulting from poor energy efficiency and economic and social barriers to accessing appropriate, modern, and sustainable energy services, remains a critical issue in Jordan, a country facing growing climate pressures, particularly given its history of rapid urbanization. This study examines energy poverty through a multidimensional lens, considering its spatial and socio-demographic variations across Jordan. Drawing on data from 19,475 households, we apply a novel energy poverty index and binary logistic regression to analyze key determinants of energy poverty and discuss their intersection with climate vulnerability. The energy poverty index (EPI) is structured around four pillars: housing, fuel, cooling, and wealth. The results show that 51% of households in Jordan are affected by energy poverty. Contributing factors include geographic location, gender, age, education level, dwelling type, ownership of cooling appliances, and financial stability. The results indicate that energy poverty is both a socio-economic and infrastructural issue, with the highest concentrations in the northern and southern regions of the country, areas also vulnerable to climate risks such as drought and extreme heat. Our findings emphasize the need for integrated policy approaches that simultaneously address income inequality, infrastructure deficits, and environmental stressors. Targeted strategies are needed to align social and climate policies for effective energy poverty mitigation and climate resilience planning in Jordan. 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