b84db7edbdae42096c35d9645d4309d5  antibiotics-14-00839-v2.pdf
7f56091f606f2441a1a7aa3e7ff8959141ed7563  antibiotics-14-00839-v2.pdf
535bdef3718154759fd5723c65f16a16f544038193be5a9757c443b6d20c10d4  antibiotics-14-00839-v2.pdf

Title:           Antimicrobial Use and Awareness of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Livestock Sector in the Western Balkans
Subject:         Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to human, animal, and environmental health. To tackle AMR in the livestock sector, there is a need to understand the antimicrobial use (AMU) practices of different stakeholders in order to target the common knowledge gaps and inappropriate practices with tailored interventions. In the Western Balkans, published evidence shows the presence of AMR in both humans and animals. Since studies on AMU have mainly been conducted in humans, there is a significant knowledge gap about AMU in the livestock sector. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of farmers, veterinarians, veterinary pharmacy personnel, and feed mill personnel related to AMU (focusing on antibiotics) and AMR in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo (References to Kosovo shall be understood to be in the context of Security Council resolution 1244 (1999)), Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia. Methods: Field interviews were conducted in 2022 with 2815 participants in selected regions of the countries. Results: The findings showed that farmers engaged in imprudent practices, including purchasing antimicrobials without a prescription, administering antimicrobials for growth promotion, and disposing of expired antimicrobials in the garbage. Farmers’ main knowledge gaps were related to the duration of antimicrobial treatment and the differentiation between AMR and antimicrobial residues. This study also revealed poor record-keeping on animal treatments and a lack of some biosecurity measures. In terms of the attitudes and practices of veterinarians and veterinary pharmacy personnel, the belief that antimicrobial drugs are important for growth promotion, and the common use and sales of highest priority critically important antimicrobials should be targets for future interventions. Conclusions: Despite significant ongoing efforts to tackle AMR, there is still a need for training, awareness-raising, and policy interventions to address the knowledge gaps identified by this study and optimize AMU in the livestock sector in the Western Balkans.
Keywords:        antimicrobial resistance; AMR; antimicrobial use; AMU; Western Balkans; knowledge; attitudes and practices; KAP; livestock; farmers; veterinarians
Author:          Dora Kovacs, Eran Raizman, Anne Deckert, Natalia Ciria Artiga, Marijana Bošković, Ervin Bučan, Jelena Vračar Filipović, Olta Agolli, Dragana Grbić, Mevlida Hrapović, Ivan Ivanović, Nora Jusufi, Saša Lješković, Ljiljana Milovanović, Tamas Nagy, Miloš Palibrk, Milan Rogošić, Anna Sargsyan, Blagojcho Tabakovski and Daniel Beltran-Alcrudo
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     Item: 
      Title: Introduction 
     Item: 
      Title: Results 
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Demographics 
       Item: 
        Title: Interviews with Farmers 
        Children: 
         Item: 
          Title: Practices 
         Item: 
          Title: Knowledge and Attitudes 
       Item: 
        Title: Interviews with Veterinarians 
       Item: 
        Title: Interviews with Veterinary Pharmacy Personnel 
       Item: 
        Title: Most Used Antimicrobials and Common Antimicrobial Use Patterns 
       Item: 
        Title: The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic 
     Item: 
      Title: Discussion 
     Item: 
      Title: Materials and Methods 
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Survey Design 
       Item: 
        Title: Selection of Respondents 
       Item: 
        Title: Interview Process 
       Item: 
        Title: Data Analysis 
     Item: 
      Title: Conclusions 
     Item: 
      Title: References
   Info: 
    Title: Antimicrobial Use and Awareness of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Livestock Sector in the Western Balkans
    Author: Dora Kovacs, Eran Raizman, Anne Deckert, Natalia Ciria Artiga, Marijana Bošković, Ervin Bučan, Jelena Vračar Filipović, Olta Agolli, Dragana Grbić, Mevlida Hrapović, Ivan Ivanović, Nora Jusufi, Saša Lješković, Ljiljana Milovanović, Tamas Nagy, Miloš Palibrk, Milan Rogošić, Anna Sargsyan, Blagojcho Tabakovski and Daniel Beltran-Alcrudo
    Subject: Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to human, animal, and environmental health. To tackle AMR in the livestock sector, there is a need to understand the antimicrobial use (AMU) practices of different stakeholders in order to target the common knowledge gaps and inappropriate practices with tailored interventions. In the Western Balkans, published evidence shows the presence of AMR in both humans and animals. Since studies on AMU have mainly been conducted in humans, there is a significant knowledge gap about AMU in the livestock sector. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of farmers, veterinarians, veterinary pharmacy personnel, and feed mill personnel related to AMU (focusing on antibiotics) and AMR in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo (References to Kosovo shall be understood to be in the context of Security Council resolution 1244 (1999)), Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia. Methods: Field interviews were conducted in 2022 with 2815 participants in selected regions of the countries. Results: The findings showed that farmers engaged in imprudent practices, including purchasing antimicrobials without a prescription, administering antimicrobials for growth promotion, and disposing of expired antimicrobials in the garbage. Farmers’ main knowledge gaps were related to the duration of antimicrobial treatment and the differentiation between AMR and antimicrobial residues. This study also revealed poor record-keeping on animal treatments and a lack of some biosecurity measures. In terms of the attitudes and practices of veterinarians and veterinary pharmacy personnel, the belief that antimicrobial drugs are important for growth promotion, and the common use and sales of highest priority critically important antimicrobials should be targets for future interventions. Conclusions: Despite significant ongoing efforts to tackle AMR, there is still a need for training, awareness-raising, and policy interventions to address the knowledge gaps identified by this study and optimize AMU in the livestock sector in the Western Balkans.
    Keywords: antimicrobial resistance; AMR; antimicrobial use; AMU; Western Balkans; knowledge; attitudes and practices; KAP; livestock; farmers; veterinarians
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      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 217, 513, 254, 524
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 151, 476, 188, 486
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 460, 450, 497, 461
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 420, 425, 457, 435
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 140, 387, 177, 397
  Checksum: 2d76e404
   Type: CRC32
  Checksum: b84db7edbdae42096c35d9645d4309d5
   Type: MD5
  Checksum: 7f56091f606f2441a1a7aa3e7ff8959141ed7563
   Type: SHA-1
  Checksum: 535bdef3718154759fd5723c65f16a16f544038193be5a9757c443b6d20c10d4
   Type: SHA-256