6ce6e82cae3421a16e1230e9ddf3cda3 buildings-15-02208-v2.pdf c261f7f9dad5d1ecad141c5a6116d262d21c7a57 buildings-15-02208-v2.pdf 706052bb08dfc7e84387e539c266cf0d4dfbbef29a50700325b86e25479d7a21 buildings-15-02208-v2.pdf Title: Visual Discomfort in the Built Environment: Leveraging Generative AI and Computational Analysis to Evaluate Predicted Visual Stress in Architectural Façades Subject: The built environment is increasingly recognized as a critical determinant of human health, profoundly influencing neurophysiological and psychological well-being. Previous studies show that specific visual patterns can elicit cortical hyperexcitation and visual discomfort, particularly in individuals with a predisposition to cortical hyperexcitability. However, traditional approaches to examining visual stress have yet to capture the complexity of ways in which the built environment may contribute to visual discomfort. This study presents a novel, integrated analytical methodology that merges generative artificial intelligence (using Midjourney v6.1) with advanced Fourier-based computational analysis to quantify the impact of architectural façades on visual stress. By systematically varying contrast ratios, pattern periodicity, spatial frequency distribution, stylistic elements, and geometric curvature across nine façade designs, the research generated a diverse array of stimuli that were then analyzed using the Visual Stress Analysis Tool (ViStA). This tool employs Fourier spatial frequency decomposition to extract key metrics that are proxy indicators of potential cortical stress responses. The results revealed that façades with regularly spaced elements at approximately three cycles per degree exhibited the highest stress metrics, particularly when combined with high contrast ratios and consistent repetition. Vertical wooden slats and vertical metal screening elements produced the most pronounced indicators of visual stress, while more varied geometric compositions demonstrated substantially lower stress metrics. This methodology offers a scalable, reproducible approach for the evaluation of visual stress. The framework lays the groundwork for developing a more robust evidence base to support architectural design decision-making that proactively addresses the health impacts of the built environment. Keywords: visual stress; allostatic load; generative AI; architectural neurophysiology; cortical hyperexcitability; neural processing Author: Cleo Valentine, Arnold J. Wilkins, Heather Mitcheltree, Olivier Penacchio, Bruce Beckles, and Ian Hosking Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Wed Jun 25 08:34:39 2025 CEST ModDate: Wed Jun 25 08:39:37 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 24 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 19349103 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- USHGVF+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 FNVFIC+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 NIBOTC+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 21 0 SOSCBV+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 66 0 PGRSID+CMMIB10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 115 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-09-17 03:09:25 CEST RepresentationInformation: buildings-15-02208-v2.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-09-16 13:52:39 CEST Size: 19349103 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 351 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Visual Exposure to Architectural Patterns and Visual Stress Destination: section.2 Item: Title: Current Methodological Approaches to Measuring Visual Stress in Architectural Environments Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Approach 1: Visual Exposure to Simple Patterns Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Approach 2: Visual Exposure to Renderings of Designs Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Approach 3: Visual Exposure to Pictures of Buildings Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Approach 4: Visual Exposure to In Situ Evaluations Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Bridging Methodological Approaches with Generative AI and Computational Analysis Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Methodology Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Generative AI for Façade Variations (Midjourney) Destination: subsection.4.1 Item: Title: Visual Stress Analysis (ViStA) Destination: subsection.4.2 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.5 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.6 Children: Item: Title: Implications for Architectural Design and Practice Destination: subsection.6.1 Item: Title: Limitations and Future Research Destination: subsection.6.2 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.7 Item: Title: References Destination: section.8 Info: Title: Visual Discomfort in the Built Environment: Leveraging Generative AI and Computational Analysis to Evaluate Predicted Visual Stress in Architectural Façades Author: Cleo Valentine, Arnold J. Wilkins, Heather Mitcheltree, Olivier Penacchio, Bruce Beckles, and Ian Hosking Subject: The built environment is increasingly recognized as a critical determinant of human health, profoundly influencing neurophysiological and psychological well-being. Previous studies show that specific visual patterns can elicit cortical hyperexcitation and visual discomfort, particularly in individuals with a predisposition to cortical hyperexcitability. However, traditional approaches to examining visual stress have yet to capture the complexity of ways in which the built environment may contribute to visual discomfort. This study presents a novel, integrated analytical methodology that merges generative artificial intelligence (using Midjourney v6.1) with advanced Fourier-based computational analysis to quantify the impact of architectural façades on visual stress. By systematically varying contrast ratios, pattern periodicity, spatial frequency distribution, stylistic elements, and geometric curvature across nine façade designs, the research generated a diverse array of stimuli that were then analyzed using the Visual Stress Analysis Tool (ViStA). This tool employs Fourier spatial frequency decomposition to extract key metrics that are proxy indicators of potential cortical stress responses. The results revealed that façades with regularly spaced elements at approximately three cycles per degree exhibited the highest stress metrics, particularly when combined with high contrast ratios and consistent repetition. Vertical wooden slats and vertical metal screening elements produced the most pronounced indicators of visual stress, while more varied geometric compositions demonstrated substantially lower stress metrics. This methodology offers a scalable, reproducible approach for the evaluation of visual stress. The framework lays the groundwork for developing a more robust evidence base to support architectural design decision-making that proactively addresses the health impacts of the built environment. Keywords: visual stress; allostatic load; generative AI; architectural neurophysiology; cortical hyperexcitability; neural processing Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Wed Jun 25 08:34:39 CEST 2025 ModDate: Wed Jun 25 08:39:37 CEST 2025 ID: 0xb47dcf785cc86ab6e7b08d3b34da57e4, 0xb47dcf785cc86ab6e7b08d3b34da57e4 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode FilterPipeline: DCTDecode Images: Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 207 ImageHeight: 205 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: FlateDecode Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/jpg CompressionScheme: JPEG ImageWidth: 1926 ImageHeight: 1306 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 1473 ImageHeight: 816 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: FlateDecode Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 1456 ImageHeight: 816 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: FlateDecode Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 1456 ImageHeight: 816 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: FlateDecode Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 1456 ImageHeight: 816 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: FlateDecode Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 1456 ImageHeight: 816 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: FlateDecode Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 1456 ImageHeight: 816 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: FlateDecode Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 1473 ImageHeight: 816 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: FlateDecode Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 1456 ImageHeight: 816 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: FlateDecode Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 1456 ImageHeight: 816 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: FlateDecode Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 388 ImageHeight: 640 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: FNVFIC+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 231 FontDescriptor: FontName: FNVFIC+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: SOSCBV+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 2 FontDescriptor: FontName: SOSCBV+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: PGRSID+CMMIB10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 60 LastChar: 62 FontDescriptor: FontName: PGRSID+CMMIB10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -15, -250, 1216, 750 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: NIBOTC+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 40 LastChar: 231 FontDescriptor: FontName: NIBOTC+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: USHGVF+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 252 FontDescriptor: FontName: USHGVF+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 64, 177, 152, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 165, 93, 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 36, 75, 152, 84 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 63, 89, 72 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 774, 143, 810 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 774, 560, 810 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 115, 643, 126, 657 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 216, 643, 227, 657 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 328, 643, 339, 657 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 435, 643, 447, 657 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 643, 531, 657 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 117, 629, 128, 643 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 402, 27, 560, 37 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 379, 87, 398 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 217, 759, 224, 767 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 759, 231, 767 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 368, 744, 375, 754 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 407, 717, 413, 726 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 416, 717, 423, 726 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 476, 703, 488, 712 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 491, 703, 503, 712 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 443, 661, 455, 670 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 225, 633, 237, 642 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 250, 605, 262, 614 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 325, 577, 337, 586 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 263, 563, 275, 572 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 278, 563, 290, 572 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 309, 536, 321, 545 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 321, 536, 333, 545 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 334, 536, 346, 545 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 346, 536, 358, 545 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 361, 536, 373, 545 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 236, 494, 248, 503 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 248, 494, 260, 503 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 466, 543, 475 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 466, 556, 475 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 469, 424, 481, 433 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 247, 396, 259, 405 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 509, 369, 521, 377 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 521, 369, 533, 377 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 534, 368, 546, 377 ActionDest: 136 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 423, 508, 435, 517 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 333, 186, 340, 195 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 341, 186, 348, 195 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 408, 173, 419, 181 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 409, 131, 421, 140 ActionDest: 133 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 339, 756, 346, 768 ActionDest: 50 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 246, 703, 258, 712 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 689, 543, 698 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 689, 556, 698 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 364, 647, 376, 656 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 379, 633, 390, 642 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 302, 423, 313, 431 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 372, 543, 381 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 372, 556, 381 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 354, 303, 366, 312 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 240, 219, 252, 228 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 378, 203, 385, 215 ActionDest: 56 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 300, 149, 312, 159 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 334, 122, 346, 131 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 296, 108, 308, 117 ActionDest: 136 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 213, 374, 225, 383 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 228, 374, 240, 383 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 322, 346, 334, 355 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 337, 346, 349, 355 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 196, 318, 208, 328 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 211, 318, 223, 328 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 261, 249, 273, 258 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 193, 543, 202 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 193, 555, 202 ActionDest: 133 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 246, 717, 258, 726 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 254, 661, 266, 670 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 335, 591, 347, 600 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 389, 549, 401, 559 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 428, 480, 440, 489 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 449, 339, 456, 351 ActionDest: 63 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 457, 272, 469, 281 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 370, 245, 382, 253 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 382, 244, 394, 253 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 278, 133, 290, 142 ActionDest: 136 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 195, 396, 202, 408 ActionDest: 71 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 315, 532, 324 ActionDest: 136 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 228, 574, 235, 586 ActionDest: 74 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 379, 479, 391, 488 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 286, 284, 298, 293 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 207, 173, 219, 182 ActionDest: 136 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 465, 536, 472, 548 ActionDest: 77 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 198, 441, 210, 450 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 276, 344, 288, 352 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 516, 274, 528, 283 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 190, 556, 199 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 412, 134, 424, 144 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 287, 65, 299, 74 ActionDest: 136 Page: Sequence: 10 Page: Sequence: 11 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 532, 543, 541 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 532, 556, 541 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 504, 543, 513 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 504, 556, 513 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 496, 462, 508, 472 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 365, 236, 374 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 365, 209, 373, 221 ActionDest: 84 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 213, 101, 225, 109 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 226, 100, 237, 109 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 238, 100, 250, 109 ActionDest: 136 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 324, 591, 336, 600 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 280, 563, 292, 572 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 292, 563, 304, 572 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 305, 563, 317, 572 ActionDest: 136 Page: Sequence: 13 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 371, 323, 378, 335 ActionDest: 102 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 331, 312, 343, 321 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 297, 242, 309, 251 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 288, 215, 300, 223 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 159, 556, 168 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 399, 89, 411, 98 ActionDest: 136 Page: Sequence: 14 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 319, 744, 331, 754 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 470, 717, 482, 726 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 482, 717, 494, 726 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 545, 382, 557, 391 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 402, 340, 414, 349 ActionDest: 139 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 284, 326, 296, 335 ActionDest: 139 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 361, 270, 373, 279 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 414, 256, 426, 265 ActionDest: 133 Page: Sequence: 15 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 537, 744, 549, 754 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 224, 661, 236, 670 ActionDest: 133 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 300, 661, 312, 670 ActionDest: 136 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 303, 561, 310, 573 ActionDest: 112 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 443, 382, 455, 391 ActionDest: 133 Page: Sequence: 16 Page: Sequence: 17 Page: Sequence: 18 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 452, 491, 464, 500 ActionDest: 133 Page: Sequence: 19 Page: Sequence: 20 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 357, 675, 369, 684 ActionDest: 133 Page: Sequence: 21 Page: Sequence: 22 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 398, 558, 435, 569 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 441, 558, 477, 569 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 409, 546, 447, 556 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 453, 546, 489, 556 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 508, 132, 518 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 421, 481, 459, 492 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 322, 443, 359, 454 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 352, 417, 390, 428 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 329, 392, 366, 403 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 260, 366, 297, 377 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 367, 341, 405, 352 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 351, 315, 389, 326 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 519, 302, 557, 314 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 291, 95, 301 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 451, 264, 488, 275 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 513, 239, 551, 250 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 214, 96, 224 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 200, 557, 211 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 188, 95, 199 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 517, 175, 555, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 206, 149, 243, 160 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 302, 111, 340, 122 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 495, 85, 533, 96 Page: Sequence: 23 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 466, 743, 504, 754 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 461, 731, 499, 742 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 505, 731, 541, 742 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 166, 705, 203, 716 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 210, 705, 246, 716 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 692, 557, 703 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 680, 95, 690 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 655, 96, 665 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 336, 628, 374, 639 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 251, 604, 288, 614 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 578, 96, 588 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 456, 552, 493, 563 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 527, 96, 537 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 419, 501, 456, 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 181, 476, 219, 486 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 225, 476, 261, 486 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 394, 450, 431, 461 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 438, 450, 474, 461 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 453, 424, 490, 435 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 496, 424, 533, 435 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 250, 399, 288, 410 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 460, 373, 498, 384 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 118, 348, 155, 358 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 250, 322, 287, 333 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 175, 284, 213, 295 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 236, 258, 274, 269 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 250, 233, 287, 244 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 360, 207, 397, 218 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 177, 182, 214, 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 220, 182, 256, 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 438, 169, 475, 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 482, 169, 518, 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 278, 143, 315, 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 505, 130, 543, 141 Page: Sequence: 24 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 520, 756, 557, 767 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 731, 133, 742 Checksum: 072db370 Type: CRC32 Checksum: 6ce6e82cae3421a16e1230e9ddf3cda3 Type: MD5 Checksum: c261f7f9dad5d1ecad141c5a6116d262d21c7a57 Type: SHA-1 Checksum: 706052bb08dfc7e84387e539c266cf0d4dfbbef29a50700325b86e25479d7a21 Type: SHA-256