bdb8f97a0c056e3ae9e15b0bdb863867 jzbg-06-00032.pdf 03dc9774c210c194dade18ec75bfc71d893bb4de jzbg-06-00032.pdf b3727b659be61ef24ea5832873f2829b3171b8eae2a8a2bcb7e833020a495043 jzbg-06-00032.pdf Title: Re-Assessing the Importance of Evidence-Based Inputs for Positive Zoo and Aquarium Animal Welfare Outputs Subject: The welfare of animals in zoos has come under increasing scrutiny as public awareness grows around the biological needs of captive species. It is also becoming clear that promoting positive welfare experiences upholds population management and conservation aims. This paper re-evaluates current welfare frameworks in zoological institutions, advocating for evidence-based practices, multi-dimensional welfare metrics, and greater emphasis on species-specific needs, as well as the importance of input-based approaches to assess the welfare of zoo animals. By evaluating the limitations of current welfare practices (e.g., a lack of species-specific assessment protocols or sound husbandry evidence to base measures on) and presenting potential areas for improvement, this paper identifies ways that sound baselines for meaningful zoo animal welfare outputs can be created. Although current welfare policies from large zoo membership organisations stipulate assessment of welfare outputs as key to improving animal welfare standards, such outputs can only be positive if inputs are species-specific and relevant to the animals being housed. Practices such as the use of environmental enrichment (for example) need to be further refined to ensure they provide meaningful outputs (for the individuals) from the inputs that create them. Understanding the animal’s needs to ensure that the goal of enrichment is clear benefits both the animal who is provided with the enrichment and the human caregivers as husbandry and management becomes easier. A focus on welfare outputs is commendable and (especially when considering emotional outputs) is indeed a gold standard to aim for, yet we must not lose sight of striving for improvements to housing, husbandry, and species-specific care. Without such fundamental support from correct inputs, outputs are unlikely to be truly (or meaningfully) positive. Therefore, consistent re-examination of inputs is required to make sure they uphold an individual’s attainment of good welfare. Keywords: evidence-based practice; welfare inputs; welfare outputs; welfare assessment; environmental enrichment; species-specific husbandry Author: Paul Rose and Xavier Manteca Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Tue Jun 10 12:04:13 2025 CEST ModDate: Tue Jun 10 12:21:35 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 17 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 869723 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- VJZEPW+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 ZUZYHH+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 VBTUMD+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 21 0 ENOPHJ+PalatinoLinotype-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 59 0 ENOPIJ+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 65 0 ENOPIK+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 71 0 ENOPHJ+PalatinoLinotype-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 96 0 ENOPIJ+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 102 0 ENOPIK+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 108 0 ENOPHJ+PalatinoLinotype-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 136 0 ENOPIJ+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 142 0 ENOPIK+PalatinoLinotype-Italic CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 148 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-09-18 03:08:37 CEST RepresentationInformation: jzbg-06-00032.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-09-17 13:47:17 CEST Size: 869723 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 377 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: The Relevance of Input-Based Factors to Zoo Welfare Assessment Destination: section.2 Item: Title: Considering What Animals Need from Their Care Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Understanding How to Provide Correct Inputs Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Ensuring That Care Is Species-Specific Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: Future Directions for Improving Evidence Used for Decisions on Zoo Welfare Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: section.6 Info: Title: Re-Assessing the Importance of Evidence-Based Inputs for Positive Zoo and Aquarium Animal Welfare Outputs Author: Paul Rose and Xavier Manteca Subject: The welfare of animals in zoos has come under increasing scrutiny as public awareness grows around the biological needs of captive species. It is also becoming clear that promoting positive welfare experiences upholds population management and conservation aims. This paper re-evaluates current welfare frameworks in zoological institutions, advocating for evidence-based practices, multi-dimensional welfare metrics, and greater emphasis on species-specific needs, as well as the importance of input-based approaches to assess the welfare of zoo animals. By evaluating the limitations of current welfare practices (e.g., a lack of species-specific assessment protocols or sound husbandry evidence to base measures on) and presenting potential areas for improvement, this paper identifies ways that sound baselines for meaningful zoo animal welfare outputs can be created. Although current welfare policies from large zoo membership organisations stipulate assessment of welfare outputs as key to improving animal welfare standards, such outputs can only be positive if inputs are species-specific and relevant to the animals being housed. Practices such as the use of environmental enrichment (for example) need to be further refined to ensure they provide meaningful outputs (for the individuals) from the inputs that create them. Understanding the animal’s needs to ensure that the goal of enrichment is clear benefits both the animal who is provided with the enrichment and the human caregivers as husbandry and management becomes easier. A focus on welfare outputs is commendable and (especially when considering emotional outputs) is indeed a gold standard to aim for, yet we must not lose sight of striving for improvements to housing, husbandry, and species-specific care. Without such fundamental support from correct inputs, outputs are unlikely to be truly (or meaningfully) positive. Therefore, consistent re-examination of inputs is required to make sure they uphold an individual’s attainment of good welfare. 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