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IncrementalUpdates: 2 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseOutlines Outlines: Item: Title: The role of innate immune responses against two strains of PEDV (S INDEL and non-S INDEL) in newborn and weaned piglets inoculated by combined orogastric and intranasal routes Destination: bmark_-2105631973 Children: Item: Title: 1 Introduction Destination: s1 Item: Title: 2 Materials and methods Destination: s2 Children: Item: Title: 2.1 Viral inocula Destination: s2_1 Item: Title: 2.2 Experimental design Destination: s2_2 Item: Title: 2.3 Nucleic acid extraction and RT-qPCR/PCR for detection of viral pathogens Destination: s2_3 Item: Title: 2.4 Detection of antibodies against PEDV and TGEV Destination: s2_4 Item: Title: 2.5 Pathological analyses and immunohistochemistry Destination: s2_5 Item: Title: 2.6 Methacarn-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens Destination: s2_6 Item: Title: 2.7 Lasser capture microdissection Destination: s2_7 Item: Title: 2.8 Total RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis Destination: s2_8 Item: Title: 2.9 Transcriptomic analyses by microfluidic RT-qPCR Destination: s2_9 Item: Title: 2.10 Selection of antiviral-related genes Destination: s2_10 Item: Title: 2.11 Statistical analyses Destination: s2_11 Item: Title: 3 Results Destination: s3 Children: Item: Title: 3.1 Newborn piglets experienced more severe disease than weaned piglets, but neither PEDV strain caused fever or mortality after acute infection Destination: s3_1 Item: Title: 3.2 Age and strain independence in PEDV-induced small intestinal damage Destination: s3_2 Item: Title: 3.3 Non-S INDEL and S INDEL PEDV isolates had similar loads in small intestine and feces in newborn and weaned piglets Destination: s3_3 Item: Title: 3.4 Both PEDV strains actively replicated in the jejunum of newborn and weaned piglets Destination: s3_4 Item: Title: 3.5 Weaned piglets mount a stronger antiviral (IFN I/III and ISGs) jejunal response against PEDV USA and PEDV CALAF isolates compared to newborn piglets Destination: s3_5 Item: Title: 3.6 Both non-S INDEL and S INDEL PEDV strains modulated the MAPK signaling pathway in weaned piglets but not in newborn piglets Destination: s3_6 Item: Title: 3.7 Junctional membrane and pyroptosis-related genes were upregulated in weaned piglets but not in newborn piglets inoculated with both PEDV strains Destination: s3_7 Item: Title: 3.8 Weaned piglets mounted a proinflammatory intestinal response mediated by Th1 and Th17 cytokines, and prostaglandins against both PEDV strains, whereas this response was suppressed in newborn piglets Destination: s3_8 Item: Title: 4 Discussion Destination: s4 Item: Title: Data availability statement Destination: bmark_-1258588262 Item: Title: Ethics statement Destination: bmark_1370551237 Item: Title: Author contributions Destination: bmark_-1208584890 Item: Title: Funding Destination: bmark_1865464027 Item: Title: Acknowledgments Destination: bmark_-366698314 Item: Title: Conflict of interest 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López-Figueroa E. Cano N. Navarro M. Pérez R. López K. Skovgaard H. Vorsholt P. M. H. Heegaard J. Vergara-Alert J. Segalés López-Figueroa C, Cano E, Navarro N, Pérez M, López R, Skovgaard K, Vorsholt H, Heegaard PMH, Vergara-Alert J and Segalés J (2025) The role of innate immune responses against two strains of PEDV (S INDEL and non-S INDEL) in newborn and weaned piglets inoculated by combined orogastric and intranasal routes. Front. Immunol. 16:1584785. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1584785 Copyright © 2025 López-Figueroa, Cano, Navarro, Pérez, López, Skovgaard, Vorsholt, Heegaard, Vergara-Alert and Segalés. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) immunopathogenesis S INDEL strain non-S INDEL strain innate immune response interferons or IFN interferon-stimulated genes or ISGs age-related disease The role of innate immune responses against two strains of PEDV (S INDEL and non-S INDEL) in newborn and weaned piglets inoculated by combined orogastric and intranasal routes porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV); immunopathogenesis; S INDEL strain; non-S INDEL strain; innate immune response; interferons or IFN; interferon-stimulated genes or ISGs; age-related disease True https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/copyright-statement Pages: Page: Label: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 695, 480, 716 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 670, 532, 691 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 645, 545, 666 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 620, 526, 641 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 595, 456, 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