bf15672664ec62f6423f3319e2c11578 jcm-14-03736.pdf a0eed02393d9c63f3cd6ebb5be707d502b79698e jcm-14-03736.pdf 62a95e8b785ab1f9e90d623d154287b376c957dfc9c408a804a77a14cbce29a3 jcm-14-03736.pdf Title: Profile of Cytokines Associated with SARS-CoV2 Seropositivity in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Its Persistence over Six Months Subject: Background: Patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) receiving disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) may exhibit altered immune responses to infections such as SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to characterize the cytokine profiles associated with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and to identify immune markers related to the persistence of the humoral response in pwMS. Methods: A total of 90 pwMS were recruited before the introduction of COVID-19 vaccination in Spain; 46 were seropositive—defined by the presence of IgG, IgM, or IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2—and 44 were seronegative. We compared baseline cytokine levels between groups and followed seropositive individuals for six months to assess IgG antibody persistence. Results: Seropositive patients showed significantly lower baseline levels of IL-10, IL-23, and IFN- compared to seronegative individuals. Notably, elevated IL-18 at baseline was associated with persistent IgG seropositivity at six months. Conclusions: These findings suggest a distinct cytokine profile in SARS-CoV-2–exposed pwMS and highlight IL-18 as a potential marker of sustained humoral response. This study provides insight into host-virus immune dynamics in MS patients and may help guide future strategies for infection monitoring and immune evaluation in this population. Keywords: multiple sclerosis; SARS-CoV-2; cytokines; seropositivity; IL-18; disease-modifying therapies Author: Agustín Sancho-Saldaña, Anna Gil-Sánchez, Bibiana Quirant-Sánchez, Marc Boigues, Marc Canudes, Silvia Peralta, María José Solana, Cristina González-Mingot, Laura Quibus, Eva Martínez-Cáceres, Pascual Torres, José Vicente Hervás, Judith Moreno-Magallon and Luis Brieva Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Thu May 29 09:38:18 2025 CEST ModDate: Thu May 29 09:49:26 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 12 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 647155 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- LEVXPH+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 10 0 WULJEY+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 15 0 QXECEY+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 21 0 CCQJZT+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 IDOGCW+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 32 0 AHSHLD+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 61 0 QLBIEB+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 72 0 GFAOPM+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 83 0 GFAOPO+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 86 0 GFAOPK+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 101 0 GFAOPM+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 104 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-10-14 03:51:02 CEST RepresentationInformation: jcm-14-03736.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-10-13 19:31:40 CEST Size: 647155 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 248 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Study Design and Patients Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Blood Samples for Antibodies and Cytokine Analysis Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Ethics Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Use of IA Destination: subsection.2.5 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: appendix.A. Info: Title: Profile of Cytokines Associated with SARS-CoV2 Seropositivity in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Its Persistence over Six Months Author: Agustín Sancho-Saldaña, Anna Gil-Sánchez, Bibiana Quirant-Sánchez, Marc Boigues, Marc Canudes, Silvia Peralta, María José Solana, Cristina González-Mingot, Laura Quibus, Eva Martínez-Cáceres, Pascual Torres, José Vicente Hervás, Judith Moreno-Magallon and Luis Brieva Subject: Background: Patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) receiving disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) may exhibit altered immune responses to infections such as SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to characterize the cytokine profiles associated with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and to identify immune markers related to the persistence of the humoral response in pwMS. Methods: A total of 90 pwMS were recruited before the introduction of COVID-19 vaccination in Spain; 46 were seropositive defined by the presence of IgG, IgM, or IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and 44 were seronegative. We compared baseline cytokine levels between groups and followed seropositive individuals for six months to assess IgG antibody persistence. Results: Seropositive patients showed significantly lower baseline levels of IL-10, IL-23, and IFN- compared to seronegative individuals. Notably, elevated IL-18 at baseline was associated with persistent IgG seropositivity at six months. Conclusions: These findings suggest a distinct cytokine profile in SARS-CoV-2 exposed pwMS and highlight IL-18 as a potential marker of sustained humoral response. This study provides insight into host-virus immune dynamics in MS patients and may help guide future strategies for infection monitoring and immune evaluation in this population. 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