c47336723fdcafd6f533e79492953abf jcm-14-00862.pdf 59b114d85e15b67462926bbb0546bce8381f9acd jcm-14-00862.pdf d2a5418d81e6126869ef5e1505e4ee1a77b52ca1b1c6087f9906d843feeadb2d jcm-14-00862.pdf Title: Low-Density Lipoprotein Subfraction Phenotype Is Associated with Epicardial Adipose Tissue Volume in Type 2 Diabetes Subject: Background: Increased epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) volume is a common feature in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) which is directly associated with heart failure and advanced atherosclerosis. We aimed to evaluate lipoprotein-related biomarkers of EAT volume in T2DM patients before and after glycemic control. Methods: This study included 36 T2DM patients before and after optimization of glycemic control and on 14 healthy controls (HCs). EAT volume was measured using computed tomography imaging indexed to the body surface area (iEAT). Biochemical and lipid profiles were determined using commercial methods. Lipoproteins were isolated by ultracentrifugation, and variables of lipoprotein function were assessed. Multivariable regression analysis was used to find variables independently associated with iEAT. Results: iEAT was higher in T2DM than in controls and decreased with glycemic optimization. HDLs from T2DM had less apoA-I and cholesterol and more apoC-III and triglycerides. LDLs from T2DM had more triglycerides and apoB and smaller sizes than those from HCs. Significant correlations were found between iEAT and age, BMI, HbA1c, GGT, VLDLc, triglycerides, LDL size, apoA-I in HDL, and apoC-III in HDL. In the multivariable regression analysis, age, LDL size, and GGT associations remained statistically significant, and predicted 50% of the variability in EAT volume. ROC analysis using these variables showed an AUC of 0.835. Conclusions: Qualitative characteristics of lipoproteins were altered in T2DM. Multivariable analysis showed that LDL size and GGT plasma levels were independently associated with iEAT volume, suggesting that these variables might be useful biomarkers for stratifying T2DM patients with increased EAT volume. Keywords: type 2 diabetes; coronary artery disease; epicardial adipose tissue; LDL size; hepatic function Author: José Rives, Pedro Gil-Millan, David Viladés, Álvaro García-Osuna, Idoia Genua, Inka Miñambres, Margarida Grau-Agramunt, Ignasi Gich, Nuria Puig, Sonia Benitez, Josep Julve, Antonio Pérez and José Luis Sánchez-Quesada Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Tue Jan 28 09:58:07 2025 CET ModDate: Tue Jan 28 10:00:18 2025 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 21 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 2866560 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- SSXPJJ+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 AKWNCC+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 ZMIDRP+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 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yes 468 0 NFERCA+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 472 0 ZFYNHG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 476 0 TQVOUD+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 494 0 NFERCA+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 498 0 ZFYNHG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 502 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-11-21 04:25:06 CET RepresentationInformation: jcm-14-00862.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-11-20 15:15:36 CET Size: 2866560 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 730 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Study Design, Setting and Subjects’ Characteristics Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Image Analysis Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Biochemical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Lipoprotein Isolation and Composition Destination: subsection.2.4 Item: Title: Lipoprotein Functional Assays Destination: subsection.2.5 Children: Item: Title: Electronegative LDL Destination: subsubsection.2.5.1 Item: Title: LDL Susceptibility to Aggregation Destination: subsubsection.2.5.2 Item: Title: LDL and HDL Susceptibility to Oxidation Destination: subsubsection.2.5.3 Item: Title: PAF-AH Activity Destination: subsubsection.2.5.4 Item: Title: LDL Size and HDL Subfraction Destination: subsubsection.2.5.5 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.6 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Clinical Characteristics and Biochemical Profiles of T2DM Patients and Healthy Controls Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Lipid Profile and Apolipoproteins in Plasma Destination: subsection.3.2 Item: Title: HF Biomarkers Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: iEAT and CAC Destination: subsection.3.4 Item: Title: Lipoprotein Composition Destination: subsection.3.5 Item: Title: Lipoprotein Functional Properties Destination: subsection.3.6 Item: Title: Correlations with iEAT Destination: subsection.3.7 Item: Title: Bivariate and Multivariable Regression Analysis Destination: subsection.3.8 Item: Title: Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis Destination: subsection.3.9 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: appendix.A. Info: Title: Low-Density Lipoprotein Subfraction Phenotype Is Associated with Epicardial Adipose Tissue Volume in Type 2 Diabetes Author: José Rives, Pedro Gil-Millan, David Viladés, Álvaro García-Osuna, Idoia Genua, Inka Miñambres, Margarida Grau-Agramunt, Ignasi Gich, Nuria Puig, Sonia Benitez, Josep Julve, Antonio Pérez and José Luis Sánchez-Quesada Subject: Background: Increased epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) volume is a common feature in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) which is directly associated with heart failure and advanced atherosclerosis. We aimed to evaluate lipoprotein-related biomarkers of EAT volume in T2DM patients before and after glycemic control. Methods: This study included 36 T2DM patients before and after optimization of glycemic control and on 14 healthy controls (HCs). EAT volume was measured using computed tomography imaging indexed to the body surface area (iEAT). Biochemical and lipid profiles were determined using commercial methods. Lipoproteins were isolated by ultracentrifugation, and variables of lipoprotein function were assessed. Multivariable regression analysis was used to find variables independently associated with iEAT. Results: iEAT was higher in T2DM than in controls and decreased with glycemic optimization. HDLs from T2DM had less apoA-I and cholesterol and more apoC-III and triglycerides. LDLs from T2DM had more triglycerides and apoB and smaller sizes than those from HCs. Significant correlations were found between iEAT and age, BMI, HbA1c, GGT, VLDLc, triglycerides, LDL size, apoA-I in HDL, and apoC-III in HDL. In the multivariable regression analysis, age, LDL size, and GGT associations remained statistically significant, and predicted 50% of the variability in EAT volume. ROC analysis using these variables showed an AUC of 0.835. Conclusions: Qualitative characteristics of lipoproteins were altered in T2DM. Multivariable analysis showed that LDL size and GGT plasma levels were independently associated with iEAT volume, suggesting that these variables might be useful biomarkers for stratifying T2DM patients with increased EAT volume. 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