cdf9517dd4b86c79620b70599f5b531b animals-15-02473.pdf 3734f7c6f262be20e5b2969a2621823061e73ecf animals-15-02473.pdf e7074e0e7d078c41d478abe4cb27b687cbd9e0e5de2801381d72b62a5a58d605 animals-15-02473.pdf Title: Selection of Animal Welfare Indicators for Primates in Rescue Centres Using the Delphi Method: Cebus albifrons as aCase Study Subject: Wildlife rescue centres face considerable challenges in promoting animal welfare and enhancing the care and housing conditions of animals under professional supervision. These challenges are further compounded by the diversity of species admitted, each with distinct specific needs. In Colombia and other Latin American countries, primates are among the most frequently rescued and behaviourally complex mammalian taxa, requiring particular attention. In response, this study aimed to assess the content validity of proposed animal welfare indicators for Cebus albifrons through a Delphi consultation process and to develop two species-specific assessment protocols: a daily-use tool for keepers and a comprehensive protocol for professional audits. A panel of 23 experts in primate care and rehabilitation participated in two consultation rounds to evaluate and prioritise the indicators based on their content validity, perceived reliability, and practicality. Indicators were classified as either animal-based (direct measures) or resource- and management-based (indirect measures). After each round, experts received summarised feedback to refine their responses and facilitate consensus building. Of the 39 initially proposed indicators, 28 were validated for inclusion in the extended protocol and 10 selected for the daily-use checklist. Among these, 20 indicators in the extended protocol and 6 in the daily protocol were resource- or management-based—such as adequate food provision, physical enrichment, and habitat dimensions—highlighting their practical applicability and relevance in identifying welfare issues and risk factors. Although these indirect indicators were more numerous, the top-ranked indicators in both protocols were animal-based, including signs of pain, affiliative behaviours, and abnormal repetitive behaviours. These are essential for accurately reflecting the animals’ welfare state and are therefore critical components of welfare assessment in captive non-human primates. This study demonstrates that welfare assessment tools can be effectively tailored to the specific needs of wildlife rescue centres, providing a robust foundation for enhancing welfare practices. These protocols not only offer practical approaches for assessing welfare but also underscore the importance of embedding animal welfare as a priority alongside conservation efforts. Future research should aim to refine these tools further, assess their implementation, and evaluate inter- and intra-observer reliability to ensure consistency across different settings. Keywords: animal welfare; rescue centres; Delphi method; Cebus albifrons; welfare indicators; expert consensus Author: Victoria Eugenia Pereira Bengoa and Xavier Manteca Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Fri Aug 22 15:48:24 2025 CEST ModDate: Fri Aug 22 15:55:06 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 22 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1912429 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- IAYHVP+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 159 0 DFNAMV+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 160 0 GHYBHR+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 161 0 EUOUTR+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 162 0 HBCFKJ+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 163 0 CIDFont+F1 CID TrueType Identity-H yes no yes 253 0 CIDFont+F2 CID TrueType Identity-H yes no yes 254 0 ICRTVP+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 293 0 CKBPVA+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 294 0 CIDFont+F1 CID TrueType Identity-H yes no yes 310 0 CIDFont+F2 CID TrueType Identity-H yes no yes 311 0 CIDFont+F1 CID TrueType Identity-H yes no yes 343 0 CIDFont+F2 CID TrueType Identity-H yes no yes 344 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-09-26 03:08:15 CEST RepresentationInformation: animals-15-02473.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-09-25 14:19:43 CEST Size: 1912429 Format: PDF Version: 1.5 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 685 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Materials and Methods Children: Item: Title: Phases of the Study Children: Item: Title: Delphi Procedure Item: Title: Initial Indicators and Expert Panel Item: Title: Data Collection Item: Title: Pilot Test and First Delphi Round Item: Title: Second Delphi Round Item: Title: Welfare Assessment Protocols Item: Title: Data Analysis Item: Title: Results Children: Item: Title: Indicators from the First Delphi Round Item: Title: Indicators from the Second Delphi Round Children: Item: Title: Scenario One: Extended Protocol Item: Title: Scenario Two: Daily Protocol Item: Title: Welfare Assessment Protocols for Cebus albifrons in Rescue Centres Children: Item: Title: Extended Audit-Type Protocol Item: Title: Daily Protocol Item: Title: Discussion Children: Item: Title: Extended Audit-Type Protocol—Scenario One Item: Title: Principle of Good Feeding Item: Title: Principle of Good Housing Item: Title: Principle of Good Health Item: Title: Principle of Appropriate Behaviour Item: Title: Scenario Two—Daily Protocol Item: Title: Limitations Item: Title: Conclusions Item: Title: References Info: Title: Selection of Animal Welfare Indicators for Primates in Rescue Centres Using the Delphi Method: Cebus albifrons as aCase Study Author: Victoria Eugenia Pereira Bengoa and Xavier Manteca Subject: Wildlife rescue centres face considerable challenges in promoting animal welfare and enhancing the care and housing conditions of animals under professional supervision. These challenges are further compounded by the diversity of species admitted, each with distinct specific needs. In Colombia and other Latin American countries, primates are among the most frequently rescued and behaviourally complex mammalian taxa, requiring particular attention. In response, this study aimed to assess the content validity of proposed animal welfare indicators for Cebus albifrons through a Delphi consultation process and to develop two species-specific assessment protocols: a daily-use tool for keepers and a comprehensive protocol for professional audits. A panel of 23 experts in primate care and rehabilitation participated in two consultation rounds to evaluate and prioritise the indicators based on their content validity, perceived reliability, and practicality. Indicators were classified as either animal-based (direct measures) or resource- and management-based (indirect measures). After each round, experts received summarised feedback to refine their responses and facilitate consensus building. Of the 39 initially proposed indicators, 28 were validated for inclusion in the extended protocol and 10 selected for the daily-use checklist. Among these, 20 indicators in the extended protocol and 6 in the daily protocol were resource- or management-based—such as adequate food provision, physical enrichment, and habitat dimensions—highlighting their practical applicability and relevance in identifying welfare issues and risk factors. Although these indirect indicators were more numerous, the top-ranked indicators in both protocols were animal-based, including signs of pain, affiliative behaviours, and abnormal repetitive behaviours. These are essential for accurately reflecting the animals’ welfare state and are therefore critical components of welfare assessment in captive non-human primates. This study demonstrates that welfare assessment tools can be effectively tailored to the specific needs of wildlife rescue centres, providing a robust foundation for enhancing welfare practices. These protocols not only offer practical approaches for assessing welfare but also underscore the importance of embedding animal welfare as a priority alongside conservation efforts. Future research should aim to refine these tools further, assess their implementation, and evaluate inter- and intra-observer reliability to ensure consistency across different settings. 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