476a291e81b2ec877457ebc4cdc4035b nanomaterials-15-01317-v2.pdf 8bffcc4369d8b6b8b87f613b497e001590b1664c nanomaterials-15-01317-v2.pdf 93e0ab9869a753db904eddaf0d3c1acfe0627e3373074414586daf6084e15a64 nanomaterials-15-01317-v2.pdf Title: Sustainable Green Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanocatalysts for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction Subject: This work focuses on the sustainable green synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs) using bioreductants derived from orange peel extracts for application in the efficient oxygen evolution reactions (OER). The synthesized catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–visible spectroscopy. The Fe3O4NPs exhibit a well-defined spherical morphology with a larger Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and a significant electrochemically active surface area. The green synthesis using orange peel extracts leads to an excellent electrocatalytic activity of the apparent spherical Fe3O4NPs (diameter of 9.62 0.07 nm), which is explored for OER in an alkaline medium (1.0 M KOH) using linear-sweep and cyclic voltammetry techniques. These nanoparticles achieved a benchmark current density of 10 mA cm-2 at a low overpotential of 0.3 V versus RHE, along with notable durability and stability. The outstanding OER electrocatalytic activity is attributed to their unique morphology, which offers large surface area and an ideal porous structure that enhances the adsorption and activation of reactive species. Furthermore, structural defects within the nanoparticles facilitate efficient electron transfer and migration of these species, further accelerating the OER process. Keywords: green synthesis; Fe3O4 nanoparticles; Electrocatalysis; oxygen evolutionreaction; Sustainability Author: Erico R. Carmona, Anandhakumar Sukeri, Ronald Nelson, Cynthia Rojo, Arnoldo Vizcarra, Aliro Villacorta, Felipe Carevic, Ricard Marcos, Bernardo Arriaza, Nelson Lara, Tamara Martinez and Lucas Patricio Hernández-Saravia Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Mon Sep 1 12:08:51 2025 CEST ModDate: Mon Sep 1 12:15:33 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 13 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 2501032 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- BISKSS+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 111 0 UAAYLQ+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 112 0 GOQVXQ+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 113 0 LBOBSV+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 114 0 MIKRSI+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 115 0 RYDCQR+PazoMath-Italic Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 218 0 BPCCHI+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 189 0 BPCHEA+TimesNewRoman,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 190 0 BPCCGG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 191 0 BPCCHI+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 279 0 BPCHEA+TimesNewRoman,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 280 0 BPCCGG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 281 0 BPCCGE+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 282 0 BPCCHI+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 290 0 BPCCGG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 291 0 BPCCHI+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 335 0 BPCCGG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 336 0 UZKIAN+CMEX10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 378 0 RFLZJB+CMR10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 379 0 BPCHEA+TimesNewRoman,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 371 0 BPCCGG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 372 0 BPCIEK+Cambria TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 373 0 BPCCGG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 405 0 BPCCGE+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 406 0 SPXLNH+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 477 0 OVNEXW+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 478 0 BPCCHI+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 472 0 BPCCGG+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 473 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-09-26 03:07:56 CEST RepresentationInformation: nanomaterials-15-01317-v2.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-09-25 14:02:25 CEST Size: 2501032 Format: PDF Version: 1.5 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 652 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Results Children: Item: Title: Materials Characterization Using X-Ray Diffraction and Microscopy Analysis Item: Title: UV–Visible and FT-IR Analysis Item: Title: Prepared Fe3O4NPs by BET Analysis Item: Title: Electrochemical Characterization of Fe3O4NPs Item: Title: Electrochemical Studies for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction Item: Title: Materials and Methods Children: Item: Title: Chemicals Item: Title: Instruments Item: Title: Preparation of Orange Peel Extract Item: Title: Green Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Item: Title: Preparation of Fe3O4 NPs Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) Item: Title: Conclusions Item: Title: References Info: Title: Sustainable Green Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanocatalysts for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction Author: Erico R. Carmona, Anandhakumar Sukeri, Ronald Nelson, Cynthia Rojo, Arnoldo Vizcarra, Aliro Villacorta, Felipe Carevic, Ricard Marcos, Bernardo Arriaza, Nelson Lara, Tamara Martinez and Lucas Patricio Hernández-Saravia Subject: This work focuses on the sustainable green synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs) using bioreductants derived from orange peel extracts for application in the efficient oxygen evolution reactions (OER). The synthesized catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–visible spectroscopy. The Fe3O4NPs exhibit a well-defined spherical morphology with a larger Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and a significant electrochemically active surface area. The green synthesis using orange peel extracts leads to an excellent electrocatalytic activity of the apparent spherical Fe3O4NPs (diameter of 9.62 0.07 nm), which is explored for OER in an alkaline medium (1.0 M KOH) using linear-sweep and cyclic voltammetry techniques. These nanoparticles achieved a benchmark current density of 10 mA cm-2 at a low overpotential of 0.3 V versus RHE, along with notable durability and stability. The outstanding OER electrocatalytic activity is attributed to their unique morphology, which offers large surface area and an ideal porous structure that enhances the adsorption and activation of reactive species. Furthermore, structural defects within the nanoparticles facilitate efficient electron transfer and migration of these species, further accelerating the OER process. 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