89e1591de4b4808a42c7bee0e178aa03 320393.pdf 6174b0e00fd92ce3641a1c88c2e13735ffff264b 320393.pdf c7f9dbd885dc76e8a5cf3aa37ba5540cc4124da297039ca00f7f9459eb61fac0 320393.pdf Title: The Role of the Norway Rat, Rattus norvegicus, as a Reservoir of Zoonotic Helminth Species in the City of Barcelona (Spain) Subject: Synanthropic rodents are involved in the transmission of several parasitic zoonoses to humans, such as helminth parasites. As part of a multidisciplinary study concerning the rodent population in Barcelona (Spain), 300 specimens of the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus, were analyzed to elucidate their helminth community, mainly species with a zoonotic potential. The sample included 263 specimens from the sewage system and 37 from public gardens. A total of 253 (84.3%) rats were found to be parasitized, and 206 (68.7%) harbored zoonotic species. Adult rats were found to be more heavily parasitized with zoonotic helminths than juveniles, but the sex and site of capture had no influence. Six zoonotic helminths were identified: Hydatigera taeniaeformis larvae (1.7%), Rodentolepis nana (8.0%), Hymenolepis diminuta (21.3%), Calodium hepaticum (46.3%), Gongylonema neoplasticum (36.7%), and Moniliformis moniliformis (2.3%). Human zoonotic helminth infections often go unreported, so that the role of R. norvegicus in their transmission is unknown. According to our results, it is advisable to monitor and control rodent populations in deprived settlements close to cities and in cities themselves, and to promote good hygienic and sanitary practices, especially among vulnerable populations and workers with high exposure such as sewage workers. Keywords: Rattus norvegicus; reservoir; helminths; zoonoses; Barcelona; Spain Author: Màrius Vicent Fuentes, Pablo Puchades-Colera, Carla Gosálvez, Sandra Sáez-Durán, Maria Cholvi-Simó, Santiago Ruvira, Joan Sanxis-Furió, Jordi Pascual, Rubén Bueno-Marí, Sandra Franco, Víctor Peracho, Tomás Montalvo, María Trelis, Ángela L. Debenedetti and María Teresa Galán-Puchades Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Thu Jan 30 03:58:39 2025 CET ModDate: Thu Jan 30 09:04:48 2025 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 19 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 328859 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- WNWTFR+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 10 0 ZTWRTJ+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 16 0 CDTTZP+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 21 0 JYWUWD+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 27 0 MGTEDB+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 32 0 ZHIXMO+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 37 0 PDTLUH+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 69 0 JLZORU+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 89 0 WVWPDJ+PazoMath-Italic Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 100 0 QUGEVI+PazoMath-BoldItalic Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 105 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-10-10 03:52:37 CEST RepresentationInformation: 320393.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-10-09 11:47:38 CEST Size: 328859 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 381 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: section.1 Item: Title: Materials and Methods Destination: section.2 Children: Item: Title: Study Area and Animals Destination: subsection.2.1 Item: Title: Helminthological Procedures Destination: subsection.2.2 Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Destination: subsection.2.3 Item: Title: Results Destination: section.3 Children: Item: Title: Helminth Species Found Destination: subsection.3.1 Item: Title: Helminth Life Cycles Destination: subsection.3.2 Children: Item: Title: Hydatigera taeniaeformis larvae Destination: subsubsection.3.2.1 Item: Title: Rodentolepis nana Destination: subsubsection.3.2.2 Item: Title: Hymenolepis diminuta Destination: subsubsection.3.2.3 Item: Title: Eucoleus gastricus Destination: subsubsection.3.2.4 Item: Title: Aonchotheca annulosa Destination: subsubsection.3.2.5 Item: Title: Calodium hepaticum Destination: subsubsection.3.2.6 Item: Title: Trichosomoides crassicauda Destination: subsubsection.3.2.7 Item: Title: Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Destination: subsubsection.3.2.8 Item: Title: Heterakis spumosa Destination: subsubsection.3.2.9 Item: Title: Gongylonema neoplasticum Destination: subsubsection.3.2.10 Item: Title: Moniliformis moniliformis Destination: subsubsection.3.2.11 Item: Title: Analysis of the Zoonotic Helminth Species Destination: subsection.3.3 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: section.4 Children: Item: Title: Zoonotic Helminth Species and Public Health Risk to Humans Destination: subsection.4.1 Children: Item: Title: Hydatigera taeniaeformis larvae Destination: subsubsection.4.1.1 Item: Title: Rodentolepis nana Destination: subsubsection.4.1.2 Item: Title: Hymenolepis diminuta Destination: subsubsection.4.1.3 Item: Title: Calodium hepaticum Destination: subsubsection.4.1.4 Item: Title: Gongylonema neoplasticum Destination: subsubsection.4.1.5 Item: Title: Moniliformis moniliformis Destination: subsubsection.4.1.6 Item: Title: Conclusions Destination: section.5 Item: Title: References Destination: appendix.A. Info: Title: The Role of the Norway Rat, Rattus norvegicus, as a Reservoir of Zoonotic Helminth Species in the City of Barcelona (Spain) Author: Màrius Vicent Fuentes, Pablo Puchades-Colera, Carla Gosálvez, Sandra Sáez-Durán, Maria Cholvi-Simó, Santiago Ruvira, Joan Sanxis-Furió, Jordi Pascual, Rubén Bueno-Marí, Sandra Franco, Víctor Peracho, Tomás Montalvo, María Trelis, Ángela L. Debenedetti and María Teresa Galán-Puchades Subject: Synanthropic rodents are involved in the transmission of several parasitic zoonoses to humans, such as helminth parasites. As part of a multidisciplinary study concerning the rodent population in Barcelona (Spain), 300 specimens of the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus, were analyzed to elucidate their helminth community, mainly species with a zoonotic potential. The sample included 263 specimens from the sewage system and 37 from public gardens. A total of 253 (84.3%) rats were found to be parasitized, and 206 (68.7%) harbored zoonotic species. Adult rats were found to be more heavily parasitized with zoonotic helminths than juveniles, but the sex and site of capture had no influence. Six zoonotic helminths were identified: Hydatigera taeniaeformis larvae (1.7%), Rodentolepis nana (8.0%), Hymenolepis diminuta (21.3%), Calodium hepaticum (46.3%), Gongylonema neoplasticum (36.7%), and Moniliformis moniliformis (2.3%). Human zoonotic helminth infections often go unreported, so that the role of R. norvegicus in their transmission is unknown. According to our results, it is advisable to monitor and control rodent populations in deprived settlements close to cities and in cities themselves, and to promote good hygienic and sanitary practices, especially among vulnerable populations and workers with high exposure such as sewage workers. Keywords: Rattus norvegicus; reservoir; helminths; zoonoses; Barcelona; Spain Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 CreationDate: Thu Jan 30 03:58:39 CET 2025 ModDate: Thu Jan 30 09:04:48 CET 2025 ID: 0xb19bee3fe7d489b01c50f502276046a2, 0xb19bee3fe7d489b01c50f502276046a2 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: ZTWRTJ+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 146 LastChar: 227 FontDescriptor: FontName: ZTWRTJ+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: MGTEDB+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 252 FontDescriptor: FontName: MGTEDB+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: WVWPDJ+PazoMath-Italic FontSubset: true FirstChar: 99 LastChar: 99 FontDescriptor: FontName: WVWPDJ+PazoMath-Italic Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -70, -277, 902, 733 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: CDTTZP+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 250 FontDescriptor: FontName: CDTTZP+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: ZHIXMO+URWPalladioL-BoldItal FontSubset: true FirstChar: 67 LastChar: 121 FontDescriptor: FontName: ZHIXMO+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -300, 1073, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: PDTLUH+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 21 LastChar: 21 FontDescriptor: FontName: PDTLUH+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: JLZORU+EURM10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 31 LastChar: 31 FontDescriptor: FontName: JLZORU+EURM10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -32, -243, 1060, 720 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: QUGEVI+PazoMath-BoldItalic FontSubset: true FirstChar: 99 LastChar: 99 FontDescriptor: FontName: QUGEVI+PazoMath-BoldItalic Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -64, -272, 868, 740 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: WNWTFR+VnURWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 160 LastChar: 160 FontDescriptor: FontName: WNWTFR+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: JYWUWD+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 3 LastChar: 243 FontDescriptor: FontName: JYWUWD+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 50, 177, 152, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 167, 74, 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 36, 75, 152, 84 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 63, 89, 72 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 773, 133, 809 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 773, 560, 809 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 150, 664, 161, 677 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 276, 664, 287, 677 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 366, 664, 377, 677 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 129, 650, 140, 663 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 223, 650, 234, 663 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 502, 650, 513, 663 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 346, 636, 357, 649 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 469, 636, 480, 649 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 196, 624, 207, 635 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 424, 27, 560, 37 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 379, 87, 398 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 168, 535, 516, 547 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 356, 426, 363, 435 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 331, 398, 338, 407 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 442, 384, 449, 393 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 284, 287, 291, 296 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 487, 273, 494, 282 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 436, 161, 443, 170 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 447, 161, 454, 170 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 227, 120, 234, 129 ActionDest: 123 Page: Sequence: 3 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 404, 730, 416, 740 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 402, 717, 409, 726 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 409, 717, 421, 726 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 277, 424, 289, 433 ActionDest: 123 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 391, 299, 403, 308 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 476, 299, 488, 308 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 194, 285, 206, 294 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 284, 285, 296, 294 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 383, 285, 395, 294 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 497, 285, 509, 294 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 233, 271, 245, 280 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 337, 271, 349, 280 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 471, 271, 483, 280 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 447, 257, 459, 266 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 492, 257, 504, 266 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 257, 555, 266 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 246, 243, 258, 252 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 208, 187, 220, 196 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 404, 187, 416, 196 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 487, 188, 499, 196 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 222, 173, 234, 182 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 209, 146, 221, 155 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 90, 555, 99 ActionDest: 126 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 229, 446, 236, 458 ActionDest: 66 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 345, 163, 357, 172 ActionDest: 126 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 424, 717, 436, 726 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 439, 717, 451, 726 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 510, 717, 522, 726 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 525, 717, 537, 726 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 241, 703, 253, 712 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 196, 606, 208, 616 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 387, 405, 394, 418 ActionDest: 77 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 322, 141, 329, 153 ActionDest: 77 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 461, 250, 473, 259 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 337, 136, 344, 148 ActionDest: 77 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 534, 84, 545, 93 ActionDest: 129 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 376, 644, 383, 656 ActionDest: 77 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 193, 579, 205, 588 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 336, 506, 343, 518 ActionDest: 77 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 429, 455, 441, 464 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 350, 354, 357, 366 ActionDest: 77 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 245, 303, 257, 312 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 421, 230, 428, 242 ActionDest: 77 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 193, 165, 205, 174 ActionDest: 129 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 276, 714, 283, 726 ActionDest: 77 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 275, 606, 287, 616 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 287, 606, 299, 616 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 215, 521, 222, 532 ActionDest: 77 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 194, 455, 205, 464 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 350, 368, 357, 380 ActionDest: 77 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 545, 289, 557, 298 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 493, 244, 500, 256 ActionDest: 77 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 545, 193, 556, 202 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 319, 92, 326, 104 ActionDest: 77 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 535, 728, 547, 737 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 388, 627, 395, 639 ActionDest: 77 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 548, 587, 555, 599 ActionDest: 86 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 372, 191, 379, 203 ActionDest: 94 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 399, 191, 406, 203 ActionDest: 94 Page: Sequence: 10 Page: Sequence: 11 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 331, 756, 338, 768 ActionDest: 97 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 274, 378, 281, 390 ActionDest: 94 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 419, 322, 426, 334 ActionDest: 97 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 522, 252, 529, 264 ActionDest: 94 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 507, 225, 514, 237 ActionDest: 97 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 240, 183, 247, 195 ActionDest: 94 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 243, 155, 250, 167 ActionDest: 97 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 500, 605, 512, 614 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 241, 508, 253, 517 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 256, 508, 268, 517 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 269, 508, 280, 517 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 281, 508, 293, 517 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 294, 508, 305, 517 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 349, 480, 361, 489 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 263, 466, 275, 475 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 309, 466, 321, 475 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 361, 466, 373, 475 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 464, 466, 476, 475 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 452, 555, 461 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 360, 438, 372, 447 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 469, 438, 481, 447 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 424, 555, 433 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 225, 396, 237, 405 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 377, 396, 389, 405 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 400, 354, 412, 364 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 413, 354, 425, 364 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 341, 491, 350 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 271, 233, 280 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 489, 257, 501, 266 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 331, 215, 343, 224 ActionDest: 126 Page: Sequence: 13 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 504, 479, 526, 491 ActionDest: 77 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 461, 439, 473, 448 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 474, 439, 486, 448 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 368, 411, 380, 421 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 229, 271, 251, 283 ActionDest: 77 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 237, 176, 249, 185 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 250, 176, 262, 185 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 217, 148, 229, 157 ActionDest: 129 Page: Sequence: 14 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 287, 712, 309, 723 ActionDest: 80 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 315, 672, 327, 681 ActionDest: 126 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 513, 616, 525, 625 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 485, 602, 497, 611 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 531, 602, 543, 611 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 602, 555, 611 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 204, 588, 216, 597 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 290, 588, 302, 597 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 499, 574, 511, 583 ActionDest: 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 464, 556, 473 ActionDest: 132 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 363, 448, 385, 460 ActionDest: 80 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 475, 395, 487, 404 ActionDest: 132 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 369, 184, 395, 196 ActionDest: 83 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 486, 89, 498, 99 ActionDest: 132 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 498, 89, 510, 99 ActionDest: 132 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 232, 76, 244, 85 ActionDest: 132 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 284, 76, 296, 85 ActionDest: 132 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 296, 76, 308, 85 ActionDest: 132 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 357, 76, 369, 85 ActionDest: 132 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 459, 76, 471, 85 ActionDest: 132 Page: Sequence: 15 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 399, 744, 411, 754 ActionDest: 132 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 481, 661, 493, 670 ActionDest: 132 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 501, 630, 508, 642 ActionDest: 94 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 478, 384, 490, 393 ActionDest: 132 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 491, 384, 503, 393 ActionDest: 132 Page: Sequence: 16 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 536, 756, 560, 767 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 165, 743, 372, 754 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 295, 350, 333, 361 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 339, 350, 375, 361 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 467, 337, 504, 348 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 511, 337, 547, 348 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 287, 133, 297 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 140, 249, 177, 259 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 259, 197, 297, 208 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 235, 171, 273, 182 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 95, 108, 133, 119 Page: Sequence: 17 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 452, 718, 490, 729 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 377, 679, 415, 690 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 479, 654, 515, 665 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 521, 654, 557, 665 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 404, 628, 441, 639 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 178, 591, 216, 601 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 273, 553, 311, 563 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 427, 526, 465, 537 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 164, 502, 201, 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 338, 475, 375, 486 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 507, 450, 544, 461 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 440, 424, 478, 435 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 373, 347, 410, 358 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 148, 309, 185, 320 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 500, 284, 537, 295 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 164, 246, 201, 256 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 340, 105, 377, 116 Page: Sequence: 18 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 226, 706, 264, 716 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 343, 679, 381, 690 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 168, 629, 206, 639 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 416, 577, 454, 588 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 131, 476, 168, 486 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 292, 373, 329, 384 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 336, 373, 372, 384 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 310, 96, 320 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 506, 284, 544, 295 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 470, 271, 508, 282 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 197, 245, 234, 256 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 326, 220, 363, 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 370, 220, 406, 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 287, 194, 325, 205 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 331, 194, 367, 205 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 461, 169, 498, 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 258, 143, 296, 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 304, 118, 341, 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 362, 92, 400, 103 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 200, 67, 238, 78 Page: Sequence: 19 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 153, 744, 191, 754 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 680, 96, 690 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 220, 654, 258, 665 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 264, 654, 300, 665 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 220, 629, 257, 639 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 263, 629, 299, 639 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 604, 96, 614 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 102, 604, 138, 614 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 206, 578, 243, 588 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 249, 578, 285, 588 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 168, 553, 206, 563 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 267, 526, 304, 537 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 410, 501, 447, 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 182, 475, 220, 486 Checksum: 10a2e460 Type: CRC32 Checksum: 89e1591de4b4808a42c7bee0e178aa03 Type: MD5 Checksum: 6174b0e00fd92ce3641a1c88c2e13735ffff264b Type: SHA-1 Checksum: c7f9dbd885dc76e8a5cf3aa37ba5540cc4124da297039ca00f7f9459eb61fac0 Type: SHA-256