30a7ad0a3742497482b94e527876be35 children-12-01216-v2.pdf 68a68f7082b3ab6d6fc9a3f4ad5ba526f3aa4ab9 children-12-01216-v2.pdf d205aad8524806da977e84882302ab65e1a58a664964dcc668aa9f51ee8e9abf children-12-01216-v2.pdf Title: Effects of Paediatric Post-COVID-19 Condition on Physical Function and Daily Functioning: A Cross-Sectional Study Subject: Background/Objectives: Lack of objective evidence exists regarding changes in physical function and impact on daily functioning in paediatric post-COVID-19 condition (PPCC). This study aimed to assess exercise capacity, fatigue, and peripheral and respiratory muscle strength in PPCC patients compared with healthy controls. Additionally, the impact of PPCC on domains of daily life was evaluated. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed. Study variables: exercise capacity (6 min walk test, 6MWT), inspiratory muscle strength (maximal inspiratory pressure, PImax), handgrip strength (handheld dynamometer, HHD), quadriceps femoris muscle thickness (QF MT), rectus femoris muscle thickness (RF MT), rectus femoris cross-sectional area (RF CSA), rectus femoris echo-intensity (RF EI), fatigue (Paediatric Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue, pedsFACIT-F), and physical activity (Assessment of Physical Activity Levels Questionnaire, APALQ). Results: A total of 115 PPCC patients and 227 healthy controls were included. The PPCC group had lower 6MWT (509.00 86.12, p < 0.001), PImax (68.71 26.23, p < 0.001), HHD (82.84 29.09, p < 0.001), APALQ (7.94 3.14, p < 0.001), pedsFACIT-F (24.51 11.01, p < 0.001), QF MT mid-thigh (33.21 7.99, p = 0.011), and higher RF EI (p < 0.001) vs. controls. Only 37.63% of the PPCC group resumed previous sports, 43.48% were unable to attend school full-time and 28.7% could not participate in after-school activities. Conclusions: Paediatric post-COVID-19 condition patients exhibited significant impairments in terms of physical function, with a high impact on daily functioning. This knowledge is necessary to provide targeted therapeutic interventions. Keywords: paediatric post-COVID-19 condition; long COVID; children; exercise capacity; physical activity; fatigue; young people; adolescents Author: Aroia Goicoechea-Calvo, Roser Coll-Fernández, Natalia Navarro Expósito, Marc Colomer Giralt, Alba González-Aumatell, María Méndez-Hernández, Clara Carreras-Abad, Natàlia Pallarès Fontanet, Cristian Tebe Cordomi, M. J. Durà Mata and Carlos Rodrigo Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Thu Sep 18 07:31:18 2025 CEST ModDate: Thu Sep 18 07:33:53 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 13 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 271601 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- JFWCRV+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 114 0 VDITSV+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 115 0 OXTKEE+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 116 0 TXYQVB+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 117 0 FBQJUH+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 118 0 HESAMW+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 119 0 WBVKDJ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 226 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2026-02-11 03:07:48 CET RepresentationInformation: children-12-01216-v2.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2026-02-10 14:15:25 CET Size: 271601 Format: PDF Version: 1.5 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 331 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Materials and Methods Children: Item: Title: Study Design Item: Title: Legal and Ethical Considerations Item: Title: Participants and Setting Item: Title: Study Procedures and Data Collection Children: Item: Title: Physical Function Assessments Item: Title: Physical Activity and Fatigue Assessments Item: Title: School and Activity Participation Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Item: Title: Results Children: Item: Title: Characteristics of the Study Sample Item: Title: Clinical Characteristics Item: Title: Discussion Item: Title: Conclusions Item: Title: Appendix A Item: Title: References Info: Title: Effects of Paediatric Post-COVID-19 Condition on Physical Function and Daily Functioning: A Cross-Sectional Study Author: Aroia Goicoechea-Calvo, Roser Coll-Fernández, Natalia Navarro Expósito, Marc Colomer Giralt, Alba González-Aumatell, María Méndez-Hernández, Clara Carreras-Abad, Natàlia Pallarès Fontanet, Cristian Tebe Cordomi, M. J. Durà Mata and Carlos Rodrigo Subject: Background/Objectives: Lack of objective evidence exists regarding changes in physical function and impact on daily functioning in paediatric post-COVID-19 condition (PPCC). This study aimed to assess exercise capacity, fatigue, and peripheral and respiratory muscle strength in PPCC patients compared with healthy controls. Additionally, the impact of PPCC on domains of daily life was evaluated. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed. Study variables: exercise capacity (6 min walk test, 6MWT), inspiratory muscle strength (maximal inspiratory pressure, PImax), handgrip strength (handheld dynamometer, HHD), quadriceps femoris muscle thickness (QF MT), rectus femoris muscle thickness (RF MT), rectus femoris cross-sectional area (RF CSA), rectus femoris echo-intensity (RF EI), fatigue (Paediatric Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue, pedsFACIT-F), and physical activity (Assessment of Physical Activity Levels Questionnaire, APALQ). Results: A total of 115 PPCC patients and 227 healthy controls were included. The PPCC group had lower 6MWT (509.00 86.12, p < 0.001), PImax (68.71 26.23, p < 0.001), HHD (82.84 29.09, p < 0.001), APALQ (7.94 3.14, p < 0.001), pedsFACIT-F (24.51 11.01, p < 0.001), QF MT mid-thigh (33.21 7.99, p = 0.011), and higher RF EI (p < 0.001) vs. controls. Only 37.63% of the PPCC group resumed previous sports, 43.48% were unable to attend school full-time and 28.7% could not participate in after-school activities. Conclusions: Paediatric post-COVID-19 condition patients exhibited significant impairments in terms of physical function, with a high impact on daily functioning. This knowledge is necessary to provide targeted therapeutic interventions. Keywords: paediatric post-COVID-19 condition; long COVID; children; exercise capacity; physical activity; fatigue; young people; adolescents Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Thu Sep 18 07:31:18 CEST 2025 ModDate: Thu Sep 18 07:33:53 CEST 2025 ID: 0x3bebbf70743124e6f3d1601fee999aa6, 0x2e266c49deffadebe92013b2ceede3be Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode Fonts: Type1: Font: BaseFont: JFWCRV+URWPalladioL-Roma FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 243 FontDescriptor: FontName: JFWCRV+URWPalladioL-Roma Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: WBVKDJ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal FontSubset: true FirstChar: 112 LastChar: 112 FontDescriptor: FontName: WBVKDJ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -300, 1073, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: VDITSV+CMSY10 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 0 LastChar: 21 FontDescriptor: FontName: VDITSV+CMSY10 Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -29, -960, 1116, 775 FontFile: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: OXTKEE+VnURWPalladioL FontSubset: true FirstChar: 145 LastChar: 225 FontDescriptor: FontName: OXTKEE+VnURWPalladioL Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: TXYQVB+VnURWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 160 LastChar: 177 FontDescriptor: FontName: TXYQVB+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: FBQJUH+URWPalladioL-Bold FontSubset: true FirstChar: 2 LastChar: 243 FontDescriptor: FontName: FBQJUH+URWPalladioL-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: HESAMW+URWPalladioL-Ital FontSubset: true FirstChar: 46 LastChar: 237 FontDescriptor: FontName: HESAMW+URWPalladioL-Ital Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941 FontFile: true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true Pages: Page: Sequence: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 177, 152, 186 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 167, 90, 174 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 36, 75, 152, 84 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 63, 89, 72 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 773, 135, 809 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 515, 773, 560, 809 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 163, 650, 174, 663 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 547, 650, 559, 663 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 236, 636, 247, 649 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 356, 636, 367, 649 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 406, 27, 560, 37 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 34, 391, 87, 410 Page: Sequence: 2 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 300, 538, 307, 547 ActionDest: 83 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 354, 426, 361, 435 ActionDest: 83 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 364, 426, 371, 435 ActionDest: 83 Page: Sequence: 3 Page: Sequence: 4 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 490, 511, 497, 520 ActionDest: 83 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 508, 455, 515, 464 ActionDest: 83 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 549, 413, 556, 423 ActionDest: 83 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 528, 372, 535, 381 ActionDest: 83 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 390, 330, 402, 339 ActionDest: 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 303, 274, 315, 283 ActionDest: 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 543, 177, 555, 186 ActionDest: 180 Page: Sequence: 5 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 273, 744, 285, 754 ActionDest: 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 222, 522, 234, 531 ActionDest: 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 468, 439, 480, 448 ActionDest: 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 481, 439, 492, 448 ActionDest: 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 308, 370, 320, 379 ActionDest: 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 323, 370, 335, 379 ActionDest: 180 Page: Sequence: 6 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 212, 546, 220, 558 ActionDest: 54 Page: Sequence: 7 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 405, 714, 420, 726 ActionDest: 78 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 476, 562, 491, 574 ActionDest: 83 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 403, 520, 411, 532 ActionDest: 68 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 190, 409, 197, 421 ActionDest: 68 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 445, 395, 451, 407 ActionDest: 68 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 365, 339, 373, 351 ActionDest: 68 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 298, 311, 313, 323 ActionDest: 83 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 326, 158, 333, 170 ActionDest: 68 Page: Sequence: 8 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 327, 231, 335 ActionDest: 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 510, 308, 520, 316 ActionDest: 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 410, 138, 422, 147 ActionDest: 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 423, 138, 435, 147 ActionDest: 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 269, 68, 281, 77 ActionDest: 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 284, 68, 296, 77 ActionDest: 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 68, 556, 77 ActionDest: 180 Page: Sequence: 9 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 427, 633, 439, 642 ActionDest: 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 300, 480, 312, 489 ActionDest: 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 400, 480, 412, 489 ActionDest: 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 217, 382, 229, 391 ActionDest: 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 327, 556, 336 ActionDest: 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 544, 257, 556, 266 ActionDest: 180 Page: Sequence: 10 Page: Sequence: 11 Page: Sequence: 12 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 157, 282, 195, 292 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 444, 256, 482, 267 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 488, 256, 524, 267 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 153, 218, 190, 228 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 196, 218, 232, 228 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 382, 192, 419, 203 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 425, 192, 461, 203 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 290, 166, 328, 177 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 113, 142, 150, 152 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 161, 78, 199, 88 Page: Sequence: 13 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 428, 743, 466, 754 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 176, 719, 213, 729 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 126, 680, 164, 690 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 226, 641, 264, 652 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 113, 616, 150, 627 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 156, 616, 192, 627 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 371, 590, 408, 601 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 415, 590, 451, 601 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 392, 565, 429, 576 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 480, 539, 518, 550 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 507, 513, 543, 524 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 194, 476, 231, 486 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 297, 450, 334, 461 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 423, 411, 460, 422 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 208, 386, 245, 397 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 483, 360, 520, 371 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 180, 323, 218, 333 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 493, 296, 530, 307 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 186, 259, 223, 269 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 398, 233, 435, 244 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 442, 233, 478, 244 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 211, 208, 248, 218 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 255, 208, 291, 218 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 161, 182, 199, 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 205, 182, 241, 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 157, 143, 194, 154 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 260, 118, 298, 129 Checksum: f34ff891 Type: CRC32 Checksum: 30a7ad0a3742497482b94e527876be35 Type: MD5 Checksum: 68a68f7082b3ab6d6fc9a3f4ad5ba526f3aa4ab9 Type: SHA-1 Checksum: d205aad8524806da977e84882302ab65e1a58a664964dcc668aa9f51ee8e9abf Type: SHA-256