1883885d8d5312299a617a6b5c7b4deb toxics-13-00826-v2.pdf 8415237ae28f86e959fdbf8d502560a1bdf1b62a toxics-13-00826-v2.pdf a760c57cde890183c6c4b3762aed5620d72c8dd4130683566144f194c031e386 toxics-13-00826-v2.pdf Title: Unexpected High Blood Lead Levels in a Remote Indigenous Community in the Northeastern Peruvian Amazon Subject: Recent studies suggest that Pb-based ammunition could be an important route of Pb exposure for Indigenous Peoples in tropical rainforests. We analyzed blood lead levels (BLL) and isotopic signatures in 111 humans, 97 wild animals, 81 fish, and potential environmental Pb sources in an Indigenous community in the remote and well-preserved Peruvian Amazon with no history of industrial activity. Median BLL was 11.74 g dL-1, with BLL 5 g dL-1 in 95.8% children <12-yo and 94.5% adults. Pb concentrations in wild animals were 7.00 22.40 mg kg-1 DW in liver, 0.06 0.09 mg kg-1 DW in fish muscle tissues, 17.1 10.8 mg kg-1 in soils and 3.4–3.8 mg L-1 in the main river, although 0.43-0.53 mg L-1 were the Pb levels in decanted water used for drinking and cooking. The similarity of isotopic signatures (207/206Pb and 208/206Pb) shows that the main Pb sources for humans are river waters (97.6%) and Pb-based ammunition (78.7%). Fish and wildlife act as Pb transporters from water, and wildlife act as Pb transporter from ammunition. Evidence of high human BLL in a remote, non-industrialized Amazonian area demonstrates the urgency of designing regional policies that include health prevention measures, focused on drinking water filtration systems and the use of non-toxic, Pb-free ammunitions. Keywords: lead poisoning; lead-based ammunition; drinking waters; subsistence hunting; Indigenous Peoples; Amazon; planetary health Author: Pedro Mayor, Guillem Rius-Taberner, Gabriela M. Ulloa and Martí Orta-Martínez Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Sun Sep 28 16:16:01 2025 CEST ModDate: Mon Sep 29 06:58:49 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 19 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1824425 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- APFSZT+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 156 0 COGLGI+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 157 0 QGDSPU+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 158 0 TUNIIH+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 159 0 UZCHAO+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 160 0 CAMXTK+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 161 0 DHNGPC+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 208 0 DHNGPC+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 262 0 DHNGPE+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 283 0 DHNGPC+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 284 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-11-12 03:09:40 CET RepresentationInformation: toxics-13-00826-v2.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-11-11 13:55:23 CET Size: 1824425 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 591 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Materials and Methods Children: Item: Title: Study Population Item: Title: Human Sampling Item: Title: Environmental Sampling Item: Title: Interviews for Risk Exposure Item: Title: Laboratory Analysis Item: Title: Data Analysis Item: Title: Ethical Authorizations Item: Title: Results Children: Item: Title: Human Lead Levels Item: Title: Environmental Lead Levels Item: Title: Isotopic Fingerprint Item: Title: Dietary Patterns Item: Title: Sociocultural Risk Factors Item: Title: Discussion Children: Item: Title: High BLLs in Indigenous People Item: Title: Sources and Exposure Routes for Pb Children: Item: Title: Lead Contribution Through Water Item: Title: Lead Contribution Through Hunting Ammunition Item: Title: Lead Contribution Through Alternative Uses of Shot Pellets Item: Title: Lead Contribution Through Fish Item: Title: Lead Contribution Through Soils Item: Title: Limitations Item: Title: Conclusions Item: Title: References Info: Title: Unexpected High Blood Lead Levels in a Remote Indigenous Community in the Northeastern Peruvian Amazon Author: Pedro Mayor, Guillem Rius-Taberner, Gabriela M. Ulloa and Martí Orta-Martínez Subject: Recent studies suggest that Pb-based ammunition could be an important route of Pb exposure for Indigenous Peoples in tropical rainforests. We analyzed blood lead levels (BLL) and isotopic signatures in 111 humans, 97 wild animals, 81 fish, and potential environmental Pb sources in an Indigenous community in the remote and well-preserved Peruvian Amazon with no history of industrial activity. Median BLL was 11.74 g dL-1, with BLL 5 g dL-1 in 95.8% children <12-yo and 94.5% adults. Pb concentrations in wild animals were 7.00 22.40 mg kg-1 DW in liver, 0.06 0.09 mg kg-1 DW in fish muscle tissues, 17.1 10.8 mg kg-1 in soils and 3.4–3.8 mg L-1 in the main river, although 0.43-0.53 mg L-1 were the Pb levels in decanted water used for drinking and cooking. The similarity of isotopic signatures (207/206Pb and 208/206Pb) shows that the main Pb sources for humans are river waters (97.6%) and Pb-based ammunition (78.7%). Fish and wildlife act as Pb transporters from water, and wildlife act as Pb transporter from ammunition. Evidence of high human BLL in a remote, non-industrialized Amazonian area demonstrates the urgency of designing regional policies that include health prevention measures, focused on drinking water filtration systems and the use of non-toxic, Pb-free ammunitions. 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