e16e984849eee505b7997565ea9dd8c8 animals-15-03064-v2.pdf 747b7fd45f5d17e36ea43ddce76ccc6f434f3cd9 animals-15-03064-v2.pdf 574f2d1af05724d498eee1764813397e92de744940889a8d7d9a5eb62744880f animals-15-03064-v2.pdf Title: Main Husbandry Practices and Health Conditions That Affect Welfare in Calves: A Narrative Review Subject: Calf welfare is critically influenced by early-life husbandry practices and health conditions. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on key management practices affecting calf welfare, including calving, colostrum intake, milk feeding, water provision, weaning, housing, mutilations, and transport. A structured literature search was conducted in Web of Science and Scopus using general and topic-specific keywords, complemented by expert opinions from EFSA. Evidence-based recommendations are presented to improve calf welfare, emphasizing timely colostrum administration, biologically appropriate milk volumes, access to clean water from birth, gradual weaning, and stable social housing. Pain mitigation during disbudding and castration, along with strict biosecurity and hygiene, are essential to reduce disease risk. Despite advancements, significant knowledge gaps persist, including practical tools for on-farm colostrum assessment, optimal weaning protocols, the long-term impacts of early-life pain, and alternatives to current transport practices. The review highlights the need for standardized protocols, validated technologies, and enhanced training for farmers and veterinarians. Improving husbandry practices based on scientific evidence is essential to enhance calf health, productivity, and ethical sustainability in modern rearing systems. Keywords: calves; welfare; health; behaviour; management Author: Eva Mainau, Laurent Goby and Xavier Manteca Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Thu Oct 23 08:50:37 2025 CEST ModDate: Thu Oct 23 09:40:22 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 31 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 498973 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- RFABHA+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 191 0 VTZWYI+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 192 0 ZCZADC+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 193 0 RWBCRL+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 377 0 WULJEY+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 1011 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-11-26 04:28:12 CET RepresentationInformation: animals-15-03064-v2.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-11-25 09:31:05 CET Size: 498973 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 1406 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Materials and Methods Item: Title: Assisted Calving Children: Item: Title: Practical Recommendations on Assisted Calving Item: Title: Main Research Gaps on Assisted Calving Item: Title: Colostrum Management Children: Item: Title: Practical Recommendations on Colostrum Management Item: Title: Main Research Gaps on Colostrum Management Item: Title: Milk Feeding Management Children: Item: Title: Practical Recommendations on Milk Feeding Management Item: Title: Main Research Gaps on Milk Feeding Management Item: Title: Water Provision Children: Item: Title: Practical Recommendations on Water Provision Item: Title: Main Research Gaps on Water Provision Item: Title: Weaning Management Children: Item: Title: Practical Recommendations on Weaning Management Item: Title: Main Research Gaps on Weaning Management Item: Title: Housing Children: Item: Title: Social Housing Item: Title: Thermal Stress Item: Title: Stocking Density Item: Title: Practical Recommendations on Housing Item: Title: Main Research Gaps on Housing Item: Title: Diseases Children: Item: Title: Practical Recommendations on Disease Prevention Item: Title: Main Research Gaps on Calf Diseases Item: Title: Painful Husbandry Procedures Children: Item: Title: Practical Recommendations on Painful Husbandry Procedures Item: Title: Main Research Gaps on Painful Husbandry Procedures Item: Title: Transport Children: Item: Title: Practical Recommendations on Transport of Unweaned Calves Item: Title: Main Research Gaps on Transport of Unweaned Calves Item: Title: Concluding Remarks Item: Title: References Info: Title: Main Husbandry Practices and Health Conditions That Affect Welfare in Calves: A Narrative Review Author: Eva Mainau, Laurent Goby and Xavier Manteca Subject: Calf welfare is critically influenced by early-life husbandry practices and health conditions. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on key management practices affecting calf welfare, including calving, colostrum intake, milk feeding, water provision, weaning, housing, mutilations, and transport. A structured literature search was conducted in Web of Science and Scopus using general and topic-specific keywords, complemented by expert opinions from EFSA. Evidence-based recommendations are presented to improve calf welfare, emphasizing timely colostrum administration, biologically appropriate milk volumes, access to clean water from birth, gradual weaning, and stable social housing. Pain mitigation during disbudding and castration, along with strict biosecurity and hygiene, are essential to reduce disease risk. Despite advancements, significant knowledge gaps persist, including practical tools for on-farm colostrum assessment, optimal weaning protocols, the long-term impacts of early-life pain, and alternatives to current transport practices. The review highlights the need for standardized protocols, validated technologies, and enhanced training for farmers and veterinarians. Improving husbandry practices based on scientific evidence is essential to enhance calf health, productivity, and ethical sustainability in modern rearing systems. 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601 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 157, 553, 195, 563 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 422, 501, 459, 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 329, 475, 367, 486 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 140, 438, 177, 448 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 184, 438, 220, 448 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 420, 411, 457, 422 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 497, 386, 534, 397 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 417, 360, 455, 371 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 432, 335, 470, 346 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 354, 309, 391, 320 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 284, 259, 295 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 122, 246, 159, 256 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 165, 246, 201, 256 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 415, 220, 453, 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 459, 220, 495, 231 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 420, 194, 458, 205 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 170, 96, 180 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 59, 131, 96, 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 379, 119, 416, 129 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 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431, 182, 468, 193 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 355, 156, 393, 167 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 453, 130, 491, 141 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 288, 105, 326, 116 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 232, 79, 270, 90 Page: Sequence: 31 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 187, 731, 225, 742 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 342, 692, 380, 703 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 273, 667, 310, 678 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 349, 641, 387, 652 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 227, 616, 264, 627 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 261, 591, 299, 601 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 104, 553, 141, 563 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 400, 526, 438, 537 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 127, 502, 164, 512 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 490, 488, 527, 499 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 433, 462, 470, 473 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 257, 399, 295, 410 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 478, 373, 515, 384 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 521, 373, 557, 384 Checksum: 75bb8748 Type: CRC32 Checksum: e16e984849eee505b7997565ea9dd8c8 Type: MD5 Checksum: 747b7fd45f5d17e36ea43ddce76ccc6f434f3cd9 Type: SHA-1 Checksum: 574f2d1af05724d498eee1764813397e92de744940889a8d7d9a5eb62744880f Type: SHA-256