1b028c7e69c4d3633569d7518419b9dc agriculture-15-02300-v3.pdf 6bffff622920330e86d9e7e3e672cfa1118ee29c agriculture-15-02300-v3.pdf 21ac43bc72c7bd5220a0bceae48927171373518fbb400d3b1aba40e0c0f61fda agriculture-15-02300-v3.pdf Title: Enhancing Peanut Crop Quality Under Arsenic Stress Through Agronomic Amendments Subject: Arsenic (As) contamination poses a major challenge to sustainable crop production, particularly in legumes such as peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), where it disrupts growth, nodulation, and redox homeostasis. This study evaluated the potential of circular-economy-based amendments derived from spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of Pleurotus djamor and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) to mitigate As stress in peanut plants. Six growth conditions were tested under 20 M arsenate, including single and combined inoculations with P. djamor and Pseudomonas fluorescens, as well as a residue-only benchmark (E). Results showed that the unamended control (AP) exhibited the highest As accumulation, oxidative stress (H2O2, TBARs), and biomass loss, whereas SMS-based amendments attenuated these effects. Treatments HB (SMS + P. djamor + PGPB) and B (SMS + PGPB) combined low As translocation with enhanced antioxidant performance (SOD, CAT), maintaining growth and pigment stability. Amendment H (SMS + P. djamor) preferentially activated phytochelatin-related genes (PCS2, CAD1), while E minimized As uptake but lacked circular applicability. Overall, SMS-PGPB interactions promoted As retention in roots and strengthened ROS-scavenging defenses. These findings highlight SMS-based amendments as viable, sustainable strategies to enhance peanut quality and resilience under As stress, supporting their integration into circular agronomic systems. Keywords: Arachis hypogaea; arsenic; circular economy; plant growth promoting bacteria; Pleurotus djamor; spent mushroom substrate Author: Soledad Martos, Mengchen Ye, Antonio Riofrío, Roser Tolrà and Eliana Bianucci Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Thu Nov 6 04:55:53 2025 CET ModDate: Thu Nov 6 05:04:48 2025 CET Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 26 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 2278636 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- WNWTFR+VnURWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 209 0 MLQPQI+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 210 0 XSFZWJ+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 211 0 NXZZQX+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 212 0 ZXDKIP+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 213 0 VYALBM+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 214 0 GMBVGJ+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 294 0 IYAOHD+PazoMath Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 421 0 OLMBJH+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 416 0 XIRVNA+EURB10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 443 0 LXXDKH+PazoMath-Bold Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 459 0 OLMBJH+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 471 0 OLMBJH+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 478 0 OLMBJH+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 501 0 OLMBJH+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 523 0 OLMBJH+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 549 0 OLMBJH+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 531 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-11-26 03:10:43 CET RepresentationInformation: agriculture-15-02300-v3.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-11-25 13:45:45 CET Size: 2278636 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 889 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Materials and Methods Children: Item: Title: Preparation and Evaluation of Fungal and Bacterial Strains Item: Title: Fungal-Bacterial Compatibility Tests Item: Title: Arsenic Tolerance Assay Item: Title: Setup of Peanut Growth Assays and Physiological Measurements Under As Exposure Children: Item: Title: Preparation of Substrates Item: Title: Plant Bioassays and Treatment with As Item: Title: Growth and Photosynthesis Item: Title: Osmotic Potential Item: Title: Peanut As Concentration and Translocation Item: Title: Determination of ROS Production Item: Title: Oxidative Stress Marker Item: Title: Antioxidants Enzymatic Assay Item: Title: Gene Expression Analysis Using qRT-PCR Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Item: Title: Results Children: Item: Title: Bacterial Coexistence and Arsenic Tolerance on Selected Microorganisms Item: Title: Response of Peanut Growing on Different Amendments and Exposed to As Children: Item: Title: Growth and Nodulation Item: Title: Photosynthetic Efficiency and Photosynthetic Pigment Levels Item: Title: Impact of Osmotic Potential on Peanut Exposed to As Growing Under Different Amendments Item: Title: Arsenic and Translocation Factor of Peanut Plants Growing Under Different Amendments Item: Title: Markers of ROS Production and Oxidative Damage Item: Title: Specific Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes Item: Title: Differential Expressions of Genes Involved in Arsenic Homeostasis Across Growth Conditions Item: Title: Discussion Children: Item: Title: Effect of As on the Growth of Pleurotus djamor and Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.2 Item: Title: Role of Amendments in Peanut Growth Under As Item: Title: Photosynthetic Pigments and Efficiency Item: Title: Osmotic Status Item: Title: Arsenic Accumulation and Translocation Item: Title: ROS Production and Oxidative Damage Item: Title: Antioxidant Enzyme Responses Item: Title: Gene Expression Related to As Homeostasis Item: Title: Framing the Role of E vs. SMS-Based Amendments Item: Title: Conclusions Item: Title: References Info: Title: Enhancing Peanut Crop Quality Under Arsenic Stress Through Agronomic Amendments Author: Soledad Martos, Mengchen Ye, Antonio Riofrío, Roser Tolrà and Eliana Bianucci Subject: Arsenic (As) contamination poses a major challenge to sustainable crop production, particularly in legumes such as peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), where it disrupts growth, nodulation, and redox homeostasis. This study evaluated the potential of circular-economy-based amendments derived from spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of Pleurotus djamor and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) to mitigate As stress in peanut plants. Six growth conditions were tested under 20 M arsenate, including single and combined inoculations with P. djamor and Pseudomonas fluorescens, as well as a residue-only benchmark (E). Results showed that the unamended control (AP) exhibited the highest As accumulation, oxidative stress (H2O2, TBARs), and biomass loss, whereas SMS-based amendments attenuated these effects. Treatments HB (SMS + P. djamor + PGPB) and B (SMS + PGPB) combined low As translocation with enhanced antioxidant performance (SOD, CAT), maintaining growth and pigment stability. Amendment H (SMS + P. djamor) preferentially activated phytochelatin-related genes (PCS2, CAD1), while E minimized As uptake but lacked circular applicability. Overall, SMS-PGPB interactions promoted As retention in roots and strengthened ROS-scavenging defenses. These findings highlight SMS-based amendments as viable, sustainable strategies to enhance peanut quality and resilience under As stress, supporting their integration into circular agronomic systems. 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6bffff622920330e86d9e7e3e672cfa1118ee29c Type: SHA-1 Checksum: 21ac43bc72c7bd5220a0bceae48927171373518fbb400d3b1aba40e0c0f61fda Type: SHA-256