07900ef06c7109908de18934845d3efd applsci-15-11181-v2.pdf 029a405c34679b908a53ca49d698e8007b712923 applsci-15-11181-v2.pdf 273181cf0b225df1be075a2623315d7cb0bf5c00f71d724e2240c8e624d6ee69 applsci-15-11181-v2.pdf Title: Usefulness of Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids in Differentiating Honeys Based on Geographical Origin: The Case of Dominican Republic and Spanish Honeys Subject: As a novel approach, polyfloral honey originating from the three regions of the Caribbean Island of the Dominican Republic (D.R.) was analyzed. Using the HPLC-DAD technique, 10 specific flavonoids (FLV) together with 9 phenolic acids (PHA) were identified and compared with Spanish polyflorals (commercial brands, artisanal beekeepers, and experimental apiaries). On average, the total content of FLV and PHA was much higher in Spanish (14.2 and 20.1 mg/kg) than in D.R. (10.8 and 4.5 mg/kg) honeys. Unlike in Dominican honeys, chrysin (in FLV) and vanillic acid (in PHA) had the greatest impact on Spanish honey, with the latter alone accounting for more than 50% of the quantified PHAs. Unsupervised Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the information provided by both FLV and PHA allowed us to differentiate honeys according to their geographical origin, particularly at the country level. Furthermore, a stepwise discriminant-analysis identified the PHA ferulic acid followed by the FLVs apigenin-7-glucoside, chrysin, and naringenin as the most influential compounds for distinguishing among groups of honeys. The resulting model correctly classified 80.3% of the original and 71.2% of the cross-validated cases, indicating acceptable efficiency and robustness. These findings highlight the potential of the analyzed compounds for the geographical authentication of honey, providing the beekeeping sector with valuable tools for ensuring honey provenance. Keywords: honey differentiation; country origin; antioxidant compounds Author: Paola Ogando-Rivas, Marisol Juan-Borrás, Gerardo Caja and Isabel Escriche Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Mon Oct 20 09:36:41 2025 CEST ModDate: Mon Oct 20 09:53:34 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 16 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1448760 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- IAYHVP+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 108 0 UVFHFL+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 109 0 MSIDOL+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 110 0 PTHXZD+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 111 0 HCIEBP+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 206 0 IGJCOV+EURB10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 247 0 REGJRM+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 248 0 VORBJF+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 265 0 GJUYUR+PazoMath-Bold Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 291 0 HCIEBP+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 313 0 HCIEBN+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 314 0 HCIECB+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 334 0 HCIEBP+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 335 0 HCIEBN+PalatinoLinotype,Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 336 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-11-26 03:10:25 CET RepresentationInformation: applsci-15-11181-v2.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-11-25 15:39:24 CET Size: 1448760 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 485 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Materials and Methods Children: Item: Title: Honey Samples Item: Title: Analysis of Phenolic Compounds by Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Children: Item: Title: Standards and Reagents Item: Title: Extraction Item: Title: Chromatographic Conditions Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Item: Title: Results and Discussion Children: Item: Title: Identification and Quantification of Phenolic Compounds Item: Title: Identification of the Variables with the Highest Discriminant Power Item: Title: Conclusions Item: Title: References Info: Title: Usefulness of Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids in Differentiating Honeys Based on Geographical Origin: The Case of Dominican Republic and Spanish Honeys Author: Paola Ogando-Rivas, Marisol Juan-Borrás, Gerardo Caja and Isabel Escriche Subject: As a novel approach, polyfloral honey originating from the three regions of the Caribbean Island of the Dominican Republic (D.R.) was analyzed. Using the HPLC-DAD technique, 10 specific flavonoids (FLV) together with 9 phenolic acids (PHA) were identified and compared with Spanish polyflorals (commercial brands, artisanal beekeepers, and experimental apiaries). On average, the total content of FLV and PHA was much higher in Spanish (14.2 and 20.1 mg/kg) than in D.R. (10.8 and 4.5 mg/kg) honeys. Unlike in Dominican honeys, chrysin (in FLV) and vanillic acid (in PHA) had the greatest impact on Spanish honey, with the latter alone accounting for more than 50% of the quantified PHAs. Unsupervised Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the information provided by both FLV and PHA allowed us to differentiate honeys according to their geographical origin, particularly at the country level. Furthermore, a stepwise discriminant-analysis identified the PHA ferulic acid followed by the FLVs apigenin-7-glucoside, chrysin, and naringenin as the most influential compounds for distinguishing among groups of honeys. The resulting model correctly classified 80.3% of the original and 71.2% of the cross-validated cases, indicating acceptable efficiency and robustness. These findings highlight the potential of the analyzed compounds for the geographical authentication of honey, providing the beekeeping sector with valuable tools for ensuring honey provenance. 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