6caf01d61d837dc093ae50bbedcb832b skaf318.pdf 54a79969cbc0a054c55a3cb3fa58d72ad23cb3db skaf318.pdf e2821f608fd62f16c92304c7396b184e78574f325a29965cbd67a9c5fafdb97b skaf318.pdf Title: Activity and behavior patterns of cattle, horses, and sheep grazing in mountainous areas using geolocation collars Subject: Doi: 10.1093/jas/skaf318 Journal of Animal Science, 103, 1, 2025 Publication Date: 17/09/2025 Abstract The sustainability of extensive livestock systems is compromised. It is necessary to enhance our understanding of the activity and grazing behavior of different livestock species (cows, horses, and sheep) sharing the same mountainous areas. Nowadays, the observation and analysis of animal activity is greatly facilitated by remote tracking technology, especially in zones with difficult access. In this article, we proved that commercial geolocation collars can provide meaningful data on animal activity, behavior, and distribution, which can be used to model daily distances, activity patterns, grazing behavior, daily home range, and herd dispersal. Results revealed significant differences in activity between species, influenced by the season, altitude, and shepherding practices. Sheep traveled longer daily distances (2.85 km/d) and grazed at higher altitudes than cattle (1.68 km/d) and horses (1.65 km/d), aligning with their specific dietary requirements. Seasonal transhumance and summer conditions also influenced grazing patterns, with peak activity in June and higher altitudes in summer. Cows exhibited a bimodal daily activity pattern, while horses and sheep grazed more consistently throughout the day. Herd dispersal varied by species and season, with cows and horses less dispersed early in the grazing season due to abundant resources. Weather had minimal daily impact, though drier springs in 2022 and 2023 led to increased distances and home range sizes across all species, reflecting stress to find food. Individual variability accounted for much of the observed differences, underscoring the importance of considering individual-specific behaviors in grazing management. These findings highlight the need for species- and herd-customized strategies to promote sustainable livestock management in mountainous rangelands. Keywords: animal activity; extensive production; geolocation collars; grazing patterns Creator: Adobe InDesign 19.5 (Windows) Producer: Adobe PDF Library 17.0; modified using iTextSharp.LGPLv2.Core 3.7.4.0 CreationDate: Thu Oct 23 09:39:21 2025 CEST ModDate: Thu Dec 11 10:25:42 2025 CET Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: yes Tagged: yes UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 12 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 782.362 pts Page rot: 0 File size: 3595582 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- CVYWFO+UniversLTStd-CnObl Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes yes 1844 0 ANZKDS+UniversLTStd-Cn Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes yes 1845 0 YKAYBW+UniversLTStd-Bold Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes yes 36 0 WHWMZA+UniversLTStd-BoldCn Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes yes 1846 0 WHWMZA+UniversLTStd-Light Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 77 0 UEXAXE+SabonLTPro-Roman Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 38 0 CUDDEP+ArialMT TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 1 0 QZSNTM+UniversLTStd Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes yes 37 0 QZSNTM+SabonLTPro-Bold Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes yes 39 0 FBZUVI+STIX-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 40 0 BVBWRQ+SabonLTPro-Italic Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes yes 41 0 VCVHLC+UniversLTStd-Obl Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes yes 76 0 TZWVJG+SabonLTPro-BoldItalic Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes yes 173 0 LNVUBW+UniversLTStd-LightObl Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes yes 174 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2025-12-12 04:55:12 CET RepresentationInformation: skaf318.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2025-12-11 10:35:45 CET Size: 3595582 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf Profile: Tagged PDF PDFMetadata: Objects: 1880 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: false CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: OneColumn PageMode: UseNone Language: en-US Outlines: Item: Title: Active Content List Children: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Material and Methods Item: Title: Results Item: Title: Discussion Item: Title: Conclusion Item: Title: Author contributions Item: Title: Supplementary data Item: Title: Data availability Info: Title: Activity and behavior patterns of cattle, horses, and sheep grazing in mountainous areas using geolocation collars Subject: Doi: 10.1093/jas/skaf318 Journal of Animal Science, 103, 1, 2025 Publication Date: 17/09/2025 Abstract The sustainability of extensive livestock systems is compromised. It is necessary to enhance our understanding of the activity and grazing behavior of different livestock species (cows, horses, and sheep) sharing the same mountainous areas. Nowadays, the observation and analysis of animal activity is greatly facilitated by remote tracking technology, especially in zones with difficult access. In this article, we proved that commercial geolocation collars can provide meaningful data on animal activity, behavior, and distribution, which can be used to model daily distances, activity patterns, grazing behavior, daily home range, and herd dispersal. Results revealed significant differences in activity between species, influenced by the season, altitude, and shepherding practices. Sheep traveled longer daily distances (2.85 km/d) and grazed at higher altitudes than cattle (1.68 km/d) and horses (1.65 km/d), aligning with their specific dietary requirements. Seasonal transhumance and summer conditions also influenced grazing patterns, with peak activity in June and higher altitudes in summer. Cows exhibited a bimodal daily activity pattern, while horses and sheep grazed more consistently throughout the day. Herd dispersal varied by species and season, with cows and horses less dispersed early in the grazing season due to abundant resources. Weather had minimal daily impact, though drier springs in 2022 and 2023 led to increased distances and home range sizes across all species, reflecting stress to find food. Individual variability accounted for much of the observed differences, underscoring the importance of considering individual-specific behaviors in grazing management. These findings highlight the need for species- and herd-customized strategies to promote sustainable livestock management in mountainous rangelands. 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Roger Vidal-Cardos Emma Fàbrega Antoni Dalmau Doi: 10.1093/jas/skaf318 Journal of Animal Science, 103, 1, 2025 Publication Date: 17/09/2025 Abstract The sustainability of extensive livestock systems is compromised. It is necessary to enhance our understanding of the activity and grazing behavior of different livestock species (cows, horses, and sheep) sharing the same mountainous areas. Nowadays, the observation and analysis of animal activity is greatly facilitated by remote tracking technology, especially in zones with difficult access. In this article, we proved that commercial geolocation collars can provide meaningful data on animal activity, behavior, and distribution, which can be used to model daily distances, activity patterns, grazing behavior, daily home range, and herd dispersal. Results revealed significant differences in activity between species, influenced by the season, altitude, and shepherding practices. Sheep traveled longer daily distances (2.85 km/d) and grazed at higher altitudes than cattle (1.68 km/d) and horses (1.65 km/d), aligning with their specific dietary requirements. Seasonal transhumance and summer conditions also influenced grazing patterns, with peak activity in June and higher altitudes in summer. Cows exhibited a bimodal daily activity pattern, while horses and sheep grazed more consistently throughout the day. Herd dispersal varied by species and season, with cows and horses less dispersed early in the grazing season due to abundant resources. Weather had minimal daily impact, though drier springs in 2022 and 2023 led to increased distances and home range sizes across all species, reflecting stress to find food. Individual variability accounted for much of the observed differences, underscoring the importance of considering individual-specific behaviors in grazing management. These findings highlight the need for species- and herd-customized strategies to promote sustainable livestock management in mountainous rangelands. © The Author(s) 2025. 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