b7f4409b81b1d208e1e22bd790c52106  agriculture-15-02288-v2.pdf
8defd9f413108626df558bca1ce0aa50292bd1a0  agriculture-15-02288-v2.pdf
9a9db2f5b1b39770d3511c9395d0bf4f102db24ca99ed1b822b40cc10f61e484  agriculture-15-02288-v2.pdf

Title:           Economic Perspectives on Farm Biosecurity: Stakeholder Challenges and Livestock Species Considerations
Subject:         Livestock farm biosecurity is crucial for animal health and economic sustainability, however uneven adoption/implementation across diverse livestock species and production systems persists. To improve uptake of biosecurity, it is necessary to identify critical economic behavioural, and systematic barriers, and to outline practical drivers. Perceived high costs, labour/time burdens, and uncertain benefits can suppress private investment, while poorly designed indemnities can create moral hazard. Conversely, targeted subsidies, risk-based insurance, and market standards (e.g., certification and procurement) can incentivise implementation. Knowledge and trust gaps, especially in smallholder and backyard settings, further limit compliance. Participatory, and context-specific training led by field veterinarians consistently outperforms top–down messaging, with effective element including: simple, low-cost “easy wins”, tiered checklists, and decision-support tools to help embed routines and demonstrate the value of biosecurity. Integrating clear cost–benefit evidence, incentive-based tools, and co-designed training can transform biosecurity from a perceived practical and cost burden into a resilient, profitable practice that delivers public-good benefits for animal health, trade, and One Health across Europe and beyond.
Keywords:        biosecurity practices; financial motivation; cost–benefit evaluation; risk-based schemes; stakeholder education
Author:          Blerta Mehmedi, Anna Maria Iatrou, Ramazan Yildiz, Kate Lamont, Maria Rodrigues da Costa, Marco De Nardi, Alberto Allepuz, Tarmo Niine, Jarkko K. Niemi and Claude Saegerman
Creator:         LaTeX with hyperref
Producer:        pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2
CreationDate:    Tue Nov  4 08:45:18 2025 CET
ModDate:         Tue Nov  4 08:49:42 2025 CET
Custom Metadata: yes
Metadata Stream: no
Tagged:          no
UserProperties:  no
Suspects:        no
Form:            none
JavaScript:      no
Pages:           21
Encrypted:       no
Page size:       595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4)
Page rot:        0
File size:       812104 bytes
Optimized:       no
PDF version:     1.7


name                                 type              encoding         emb sub uni object ID
------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- ---------
XHCUMV+VnURWPalladioL                Type 1            Custom           yes yes yes     99  0
XIZWEJ+URWPalladioL-Bold             Type 1            Custom           yes yes yes    100  0
JGDODE+URWPalladioL-Roma             Type 1            Custom           yes yes yes    101  0
JTAINK+URWPalladioL-Ital             Type 1            Custom           yes yes yes    102  0
HACLKN+PalatinoLinotype-Italic       CID TrueType      Identity-H       yes yes yes    354  0
HACLJL+PalatinoLinotype-Bold         CID TrueType      Identity-H       yes yes yes    355  0
HACLKM+PalatinoLinotype-Roman        CID TrueType      Identity-H       yes yes yes    356  0
MPUDFL+PazoMath                      Type 1            Builtin          yes yes yes    524  0


Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18)
 Date: 2026-01-17 03:15:01 CET
 RepresentationInformation: agriculture-15-02288-v2.pdf
  ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16)
  LastModified: 2026-01-16 10:45:30 CET
  Size: 812104
  Format: PDF
  Version: 1.7
  Status: Well-Formed and valid
  SignatureMatches:
   PDF-hul
  MIMEtype: application/pdf
  PDFMetadata: 
   Objects: 568
   FreeObjects: 1
   IncrementalUpdates: 0
   DocumentCatalog: 
    ViewerPreferences: 
     HideToolbar: false
     HideMenubar: false
     HideWindowUI: false
     FitWindow: true
     CenterWindow: false
     DisplayDocTitle: false
     NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone
     Direction: L2R
     ViewArea: CropBox
     ViewClip: CropBox
     PrintArea: CropBox
     PageClip: CropBox
    PageLayout: SinglePage
    PageMode: UseNone
    Outlines: 
     Item: 
      Title: Introduction 
     Item: 
      Title: Economic Barriers to Biosecurity Adoption 
     Item: 
      Title: Stakeholder Knowledge Gaps and Perceptions 
     Item: 
      Title: Comparative Regional Frameworks and Governance Contexts 
     Item: 
      Title: Species-Specific Biosecurity Considerations Across Livestock Systems 
      Children: 
       Item: 
        Title: Behavioural (Farmer Attitudinal) Factors 
       Item: 
        Title: Institutional and Governance Context 
       Item: 
        Title: Interactions and Feedback Loops 
     Item: 
      Title: Strategic Recommendations and Future Perspectives: Embedding Economic Incentives and Stakeholder Alignment into Farm Biosecurity 
     Item: 
      Title: Conclusions 
     Item: 
      Title: References
   Info: 
    Title: Economic Perspectives on Farm Biosecurity: Stakeholder Challenges and Livestock Species Considerations
    Author: Blerta Mehmedi, Anna Maria Iatrou, Ramazan Yildiz, Kate Lamont, Maria Rodrigues da Costa, Marco De Nardi, Alberto Allepuz, Tarmo Niine, Jarkko K. Niemi and Claude Saegerman
    Subject: Livestock farm biosecurity is crucial for animal health and economic sustainability, however uneven adoption/implementation across diverse livestock species and production systems persists. To improve uptake of biosecurity, it is necessary to identify critical economic behavioural, and systematic barriers, and to outline practical drivers. Perceived high costs, labour/time burdens, and uncertain benefits can suppress private investment, while poorly designed indemnities can create moral hazard. Conversely, targeted subsidies, risk-based insurance, and market standards (e.g., certification and procurement) can incentivise implementation. Knowledge and trust gaps, especially in smallholder and backyard settings, further limit compliance. Participatory, and context-specific training led by field veterinarians consistently outperforms top–down messaging, with effective element including: simple, low-cost “easy wins”, tiered checklists, and decision-support tools to help embed routines and demonstrate the value of biosecurity. Integrating clear cost–benefit evidence, incentive-based tools, and co-designed training can transform biosecurity from a perceived practical and cost burden into a resilient, profitable practice that delivers public-good benefits for animal health, trade, and One Health across Europe and beyond.
    Keywords: biosecurity practices; financial motivation; cost–benefit evaluation; risk-based schemes; stakeholder education
    Creator: LaTeX with hyperref
    Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2
    CreationDate: Tue Nov 04 08:45:18 CET 2025
    ModDate: Tue Nov 04 08:49:42 CET 2025
   ID: 0xbab23a066531be044de39dbab83b8844, 0x0dda026306306066590ff2e28d409b4d
   Filters: 
    FilterPipeline: FlateDecode
   Fonts: 
    Type1: 
     Font: 
      BaseFont: XHCUMV+VnURWPalladioL
      FontSubset: true
      FirstChar: 177
      LastChar: 225
      FontDescriptor: 
       FontName: XHCUMV+VnURWPalladioL
       Flags: Symbolic
       FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943
       FontFile: true
      EncodingDictionary: 
       Differences: true
      ToUnicode: true
     Font: 
      BaseFont: XIZWEJ+URWPalladioL-Bold
      FontSubset: true
      FirstChar: 2
      LastChar: 150
      FontDescriptor: 
       FontName: XIZWEJ+URWPalladioL-Bold
       Flags: Symbolic
       FontBBox: -152, -301, 1000, 935
       FontFile: true
      EncodingDictionary: 
       Differences: true
      ToUnicode: true
     Font: 
      BaseFont: JGDODE+URWPalladioL-Roma
      FontSubset: true
      FirstChar: 2
      LastChar: 252
      FontDescriptor: 
       FontName: JGDODE+URWPalladioL-Roma
       Flags: Symbolic
       FontBBox: -166, -283, 1021, 943
       FontFile: true
      EncodingDictionary: 
       Differences: true
      ToUnicode: true
     Font: 
      BaseFont: JTAINK+URWPalladioL-Ital
      FontSubset: true
      FirstChar: 2
      LastChar: 151
      FontDescriptor: 
       FontName: JTAINK+URWPalladioL-Ital
       Flags: Symbolic
       FontBBox: -170, -305, 1010, 941
       FontFile: true
      EncodingDictionary: 
       Differences: true
      ToUnicode: true
     Font: 
      BaseFont: MPUDFL+PazoMath
      FontSubset: true
      FirstChar: 68
      LastChar: 68
      FontDescriptor: 
       FontName: MPUDFL+PazoMath
       Flags: Symbolic
       FontBBox: -40, -283, 878, 946
       FontFile: true
      ToUnicode: true
   Pages: 
    Page: 
     Sequence: 1
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 81, 177, 152, 186
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 34, 165, 125, 174
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 36, 75, 152, 84
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 34, 63, 89, 72
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 34, 773, 156, 809
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 515, 773, 560, 809
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 115, 664, 126, 677
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 504, 664, 515, 677
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 115, 650, 126, 663
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 209, 650, 220, 663
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 287, 650, 298, 663
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 383, 650, 394, 663
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 513, 650, 524, 663
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 522, 65, 529, 74
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 530, 65, 537, 74
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 397, 27, 560, 37
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 34, 344, 87, 363
    Page: 
     Sequence: 2
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 297, 703, 304, 712
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 549, 647, 556, 656
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 238, 564, 245, 572
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 368, 536, 375, 545
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 447, 508, 454, 517
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 231, 480, 238, 489
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 444, 466, 451, 475
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 528, 452, 535, 461
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 544, 424, 556, 433
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 214, 396, 225, 405
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 516, 369, 528, 377
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 529, 368, 541, 377
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 227, 327, 239, 336
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 483, 313, 495, 322
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 236, 271, 248, 280
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 345, 229, 357, 238
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 321, 187, 333, 196
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 522, 159, 534, 169
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 344, 90, 356, 99
       ActionDest: 168
    Page: 
     Sequence: 3
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 333, 759, 345, 767
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 346, 759, 358, 767
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 420, 730, 432, 740
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 432, 731, 444, 740
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 418, 675, 429, 684
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 434, 633, 446, 642
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 230, 577, 242, 586
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 245, 577, 257, 586
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 370, 549, 382, 559
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 382, 549, 394, 559
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 220, 508, 232, 517
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 530, 480, 542, 489
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 502, 438, 514, 447
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 209, 341, 221, 350
       ActionDest: 168
    Page: 
     Sequence: 4
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 193, 534, 205, 544
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 210, 507, 222, 516
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 531, 465, 538, 474
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 486, 409, 498, 418
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 347, 131, 359, 140
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 482, 103, 494, 112
       ActionDest: 168
    Page: 
     Sequence: 5
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 378, 730, 390, 740
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 196, 563, 208, 572
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 211, 564, 223, 572
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 323, 536, 335, 545
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 336, 536, 348, 545
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 543, 508, 555, 517
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 544, 494, 556, 503
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 450, 452, 462, 461
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 228, 285, 240, 294
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 241, 285, 253, 294
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 256, 285, 268, 294
       ActionDest: 229
    Page: 
     Sequence: 6
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 359, 742, 366, 754
       ActionDest: 122
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 458, 728, 465, 740
       ActionDest: 122
    Page: 
     Sequence: 7
    Page: 
     Sequence: 8
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 544, 438, 556, 447
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 385, 215, 397, 224
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 469, 187, 481, 196
       ActionDest: 229
    Page: 
     Sequence: 9
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 212, 703, 224, 712
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 529, 689, 541, 698
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 544, 689, 556, 698
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 535, 630, 542, 642
       ActionDest: 122
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 331, 549, 343, 559
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 397, 494, 408, 503
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 437, 242, 449, 251
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 450, 242, 462, 251
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 276, 214, 288, 223
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 288, 214, 300, 223
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 497, 145, 509, 154
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 310, 103, 322, 112
       ActionDest: 168
    Page: 
     Sequence: 10
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 421, 730, 433, 740
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 434, 730, 446, 740
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 529, 689, 541, 698
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 344, 619, 356, 628
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 470, 619, 482, 628
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 448, 564, 455, 572
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 417, 395, 423, 404
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 424, 395, 436, 404
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 437, 395, 448, 404
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 339, 340, 351, 349
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 231, 326, 243, 335
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 544, 326, 556, 335
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 313, 256, 325, 265
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 325, 256, 337, 265
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 520, 228, 532, 237
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 304, 142, 311, 154
       ActionDest: 247
    Page: 
     Sequence: 11
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 531, 639, 537, 647
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 529, 611, 539, 619
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 529, 592, 539, 600
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 531, 497, 541, 505
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 531, 421, 541, 429
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 528, 346, 538, 353
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 529, 327, 539, 334
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 529, 260, 539, 268
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 530, 208, 536, 216
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 528, 189, 538, 197
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 528, 170, 538, 178
       ActionDest: 229
    Page: 
     Sequence: 12
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 531, 685, 541, 693
       ActionDest: 343
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 528, 652, 538, 660
       ActionDest: 229
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 539, 633, 549, 641
       ActionDest: 343
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 528, 614, 538, 622
       ActionDest: 343
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 528, 581, 538, 589
       ActionDest: 343
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 528, 562, 538, 570
       ActionDest: 343
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 539, 501, 549, 508
       ActionDest: 343
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 316, 390, 322, 400
       ActionDest: 29
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 419, 361, 425, 371
       ActionDest: 36
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 487, 214, 499, 223
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 500, 214, 512, 223
       ActionDest: 343
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 512, 214, 524, 223
       ActionDest: 343
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 451, 145, 463, 154
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 424, 117, 436, 126
       ActionDest: 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 437, 117, 449, 126
       ActionDest: 343
    Page: 
     Sequence: 13
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 300, 66, 312, 75
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 312, 66, 324, 75
       ActionDest: 343
    Page: 
     Sequence: 14
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 390, 647, 401, 656
       ActionDest: 343
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 544, 619, 556, 628
       ActionDest: 343
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 335, 382, 347, 391
       ActionDest: 343
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 505, 299, 517, 308
       ActionDest: 343
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 211, 257, 223, 266
       ActionDest: 343
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 258, 175, 270, 184
       ActionDest: 59
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 457, 147, 469, 156
       ActionDest: 59
    Page: 
     Sequence: 15
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 193, 744, 205, 754
       ActionDest: 343
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 199, 270, 206, 282
       ActionDest: 36
    Page: 
     Sequence: 16
    Page: 
     Sequence: 17
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 553, 657, 560, 669
       ActionDest: 247
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 216, 643, 223, 655
       ActionDest: 36
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 417, 448, 424, 460
       ActionDest: 24
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 427, 448, 434, 460
       ActionDest: 49
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 184, 434, 191, 446
       ActionDest: 122
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 210, 434, 216, 446
       ActionDest: 122
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 498, 200, 560, 211
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 165, 187, 226, 198
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 205, 87, 216, 95
       ActionDest: 343
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 218, 87, 229, 95
       ActionDest: 343
    Page: 
     Sequence: 18
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 192, 691, 198, 702
       ActionDest: 36
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 345, 678, 352, 689
       ActionDest: 36
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 442, 579, 480, 590
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 486, 579, 522, 590
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 315, 540, 352, 551
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 131, 503, 168, 513
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 175, 503, 211, 513
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 59, 465, 96, 475
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 183, 426, 221, 436
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 412, 400, 450, 411
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 456, 400, 492, 411
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 177, 362, 215, 373
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 395, 336, 433, 347
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 346, 298, 383, 309
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 446, 272, 484, 283
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 403, 247, 441, 258
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 447, 247, 483, 258
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 151, 222, 188, 232
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 194, 222, 230, 232
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 468, 183, 505, 194
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 511, 183, 547, 194
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 391, 157, 429, 168
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 312, 132, 349, 143
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 323, 106, 361, 117
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 305, 81, 342, 92
    Page: 
     Sequence: 19
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 95, 731, 132, 742
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 90, 693, 128, 703
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 225, 655, 263, 665
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 206, 616, 243, 627
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 189, 578, 227, 588
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 233, 578, 269, 588
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 445, 565, 483, 576
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 519, 539, 557, 550
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 59, 527, 95, 537
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 423, 501, 461, 512
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 497, 475, 535, 486
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 496, 450, 534, 461
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 118, 425, 155, 435
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 169, 399, 206, 410
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 409, 373, 446, 384
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 520, 347, 557, 358
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 292, 322, 392, 333
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 236, 284, 273, 295
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 279, 284, 316, 295
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 509, 271, 560, 282
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 56, 258, 356, 269
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 291, 220, 560, 231
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 437, 194, 475, 205
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 59, 157, 96, 167
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 102, 157, 138, 167
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 460, 118, 498, 129
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 189, 92, 227, 103
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 95, 67, 132, 78
    Page: 
     Sequence: 20
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 445, 756, 482, 767
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 293, 731, 330, 742
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 185, 706, 223, 716
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 409, 679, 446, 690
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 428, 654, 465, 665
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 275, 628, 313, 639
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 329, 603, 367, 614
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 294, 577, 332, 588
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 338, 577, 374, 588
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 208, 553, 245, 563
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 251, 553, 287, 563
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 90, 489, 128, 499
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 134, 489, 170, 499
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 266, 450, 303, 461
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 437, 411, 474, 422
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 348, 386, 386, 397
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 234, 348, 272, 358
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 59, 323, 96, 333
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 181, 258, 560, 269
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 478, 233, 515, 244
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 451, 207, 489, 218
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 366, 182, 403, 193
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 409, 182, 445, 193
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 267, 156, 305, 167
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 192, 131, 229, 141
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 503, 105, 541, 116
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 442, 92, 479, 103
    Page: 
     Sequence: 21
     Annotations: 
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 350, 743, 560, 754
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 56, 731, 231, 742
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 336, 692, 374, 703
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 203, 667, 498, 678
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 336, 629, 374, 639
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 505, 590, 542, 601
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 56, 552, 251, 563
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 519, 526, 557, 537
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 59, 514, 95, 524
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 384, 488, 422, 499
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 413, 462, 451, 473
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 59, 438, 96, 448
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 392, 399, 429, 410
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 437, 373, 475, 384
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 91, 336, 128, 346
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 131, 297, 168, 307
      Annotation: 
       Subtype: Link
       Rect: 90, 259, 128, 269
  Checksum: 58bbb419
   Type: CRC32
  Checksum: b7f4409b81b1d208e1e22bd790c52106
   Type: MD5
  Checksum: 8defd9f413108626df558bca1ce0aa50292bd1a0
   Type: SHA-1
  Checksum: 9a9db2f5b1b39770d3511c9395d0bf4f102db24ca99ed1b822b40cc10f61e484
   Type: SHA-256