1af740ce003d3c3fe63376b556bc65a3 animals-16-00094.pdf 92c5b8394b16c091be812780b3da19f7c987c76d animals-16-00094.pdf f849072608ef143d7359e283e78e12c0e6e7b832cd48277607491f9b3ed2d92c animals-16-00094.pdf Title: The Impact of Nanoplastics on the Quality of Fish Sperm: A Review Subject: Pollution in aquatic ecosystems is intensifying under the combined pressures of climate change and anthropogenic contaminants, with nanoplastics (NPs) emerging as a critical threat to fish reproduction. Although extensive research has demonstrated the physiological impacts of NPs, their direct effects on sperm quality and functionality remain poorly characterized. This review synthesizes evidence from original research articles that specifically examined NPs’ impacts on fish sperm quality and related reproductive endpoints. The findings reveal that NPs consistently impair sperm motility, viability, and fertilization capacity, while inducing oxidative stress, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endocrine disruption. Particle size, surface chemistry, and exposure route were identified as key determinants of toxicity, with direct sperm exposure causing immediate impairments and chronic or maternal transfer exposures leading to systemic and transgenerational effects. Notably, several studies reported reduced offspring survival, altered development, and disrupted gene expression, highlighting the intergenerational risks of NPs contamination. Despite these advances, significant knowledge gaps remain, including limited research on marine wild and cultured fish species, the effects of diverse life histories on NPs toxicity, environmentally relevant exposure levels, and the combined effects of NPs with other stressors. Overall, this review underscores that fish sperm are highly sensitive to NPs pollution, with consequences that extend across generations and threaten population stability, calling for urgent mechanistic and ecologically realistic investigations. Keywords: nanoplastics; fish sperm; reproduction; motility; viability; fertilization success; aquatic toxicology Author: Hayam Djafar, Saira Naz, Maria Montserrat Rivera Del Alamo, Juan Carlos Balasch and Mariana Teles Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Mon Dec 29 10:43:00 2025 CET ModDate: Mon Dec 29 10:45:53 2025 CET Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 16 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1663382 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- LBPKAU+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 78 0 SSXPJJ+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 79 0 MFDNMD+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 80 0 DJAYAP+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 81 0 KESBIZ+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 128 0 EUQOAW+EURM7 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 173 0 WFZCXP+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 174 0 TNHTZS+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 175 0 ENXRCF+Calibri TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 237 0 ZVHNKP+ArialMT TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 238 0 RJLRCF+Calibri-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 239 0 ZVHNKP+Calibri-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 240 0 ESWWHF+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 241 0 OUZZML+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes yes 242 0 HHICKJ+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 336 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2026-01-18 03:10:24 CET RepresentationInformation: animals-16-00094.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2026-01-17 15:52:41 CET Size: 1663382 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 490 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Materials and Methods Item: Title: Effects of NPs on the Quality of Sperm in Fish Children: Item: Title: Sperm Motility Item: Title: Effects on Sperm Viability and Fertilization Capacity Item: Title: Transgenerational and Developmental Effects Item: Title: Knowledge Gaps Item: Title: Conclusions Item: Title: References Info: Title: The Impact of Nanoplastics on the Quality of Fish Sperm: A Review Author: Hayam Djafar, Saira Naz, Maria Montserrat Rivera Del Alamo, Juan Carlos Balasch and Mariana Teles Subject: Pollution in aquatic ecosystems is intensifying under the combined pressures of climate change and anthropogenic contaminants, with nanoplastics (NPs) emerging as a critical threat to fish reproduction. Although extensive research has demonstrated the physiological impacts of NPs, their direct effects on sperm quality and functionality remain poorly characterized. This review synthesizes evidence from original research articles that specifically examined NPs’ impacts on fish sperm quality and related reproductive endpoints. The findings reveal that NPs consistently impair sperm motility, viability, and fertilization capacity, while inducing oxidative stress, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endocrine disruption. Particle size, surface chemistry, and exposure route were identified as key determinants of toxicity, with direct sperm exposure causing immediate impairments and chronic or maternal transfer exposures leading to systemic and transgenerational effects. Notably, several studies reported reduced offspring survival, altered development, and disrupted gene expression, highlighting the intergenerational risks of NPs contamination. Despite these advances, significant knowledge gaps remain, including limited research on marine wild and cultured fish species, the effects of diverse life histories on NPs toxicity, environmentally relevant exposure levels, and the combined effects of NPs with other stressors. Overall, this review underscores that fish sperm are highly sensitive to NPs pollution, with consequences that extend across generations and threaten population stability, calling for urgent mechanistic and ecologically realistic investigations. 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