d246b0df6a11e0385f2847ada088b10c fpsyt-16-1621972.pdf 02ea8083593da3dc257c8296ded553dd202828e6 fpsyt-16-1621972.pdf f268a01ef2a3c9c27ccb9581c7a09d1ed1ef11c197f511a32cf42a0dc0861cf0 fpsyt-16-1621972.pdf Title: Association analysis between polygenic risk scores and traits: practical guidelines and tutorial with an illustrative data set of schizophrenia Subject: Irigoien I, Mas-Bermejo P, Papiol S, Barrantes-Vidal N, Rosa A and Arenas C (2025) Association analysis between polygenic risk scores and traits: practical guidelines and tutorial with an illustrative data set of schizophrenia. Front. Psychiatry 16:1621972. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1621972 Keywords: polygenic risk score; statistical analysis; covariates; schizophrenia; psychotic-like experiences Author: Itziar Irigoien CreationDate: Mon Aug 18 10:44:20 2025 CEST ModDate: Mon Aug 18 10:44:20 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: no Metadata Stream: yes Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: AcroForm JavaScript: no Pages: 12 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.389 x 841.663 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 3534321 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.4 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- JCJGLP+AdvTTd3a5f740 Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 189 0 JCJGMP+AdvPSA18C Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 534 0 JCJGNA+AdvTT9b12cd41 Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 187 0 JCJGNB+AdvTT9b12cd41+fb Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 188 0 JCJGNC+AdvPSA323 Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 535 0 JCJGOD+AdvTTd168d80a.I Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 261 0 JCJGOE+AdvTT2c8ce45a Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 186 0 JCJMFF+AdvOT7d6df7ab.I Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 259 0 JCJMFG+AdvOT1ef757c0+fb Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 272 0 JCJMGH+AdvTT749c1f5a.I Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 543 0 JCJMGI+AdvOTb1404cd8+20 Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 288 0 JCJMFD+AdvOT1ef757c0 Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 256 0 JCJMFE+AdvOT1ef757c0+20 Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 544 0 JCJMJI+AdvTTd3a5f740+fb Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 545 0 JCJMJJ+AdvOT7d6df7ab.I+fb Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 546 0 JCJMJK+AdvOT53816ac6 Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 547 0 JCJMKL+AdvOT7d6df7ab.I+20 Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 548 0 JCKDPP+AdvOT2f02755f.I Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 556 0 JCKEAA+AdvOT1ef757c0+22 Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 257 0 JCKEDP+AdvP4C4E46 Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 260 0 JCKEEA+AdvP4C4E51 Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 258 0 JCKEEB+AdvP4C4E74 Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 557 0 JCPPOP+AdvTT9b12cd41+20 Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 273 0 JDECPE+AdvTTc8b77491.I Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 576 0 JDEDBE+AdvOTb65e897d.B Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 577 0 JDEDEE+AdvTT58d178b9+03 Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 578 0 JDEDEF+AdvTTd3a5f740+20 Type 1C WinAnsi yes yes no 579 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2026-01-31 03:10:24 CET RepresentationInformation: fpsyt-16-1621972.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2026-01-30 06:06:59 CET Size: 3534321 Format: PDF Version: 1.4 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 647 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseOutlines Language: en-US Outlines: Item: Title: Association analysis between polygenic risk scores and traits: practical guidelines and tutorial with an illustrative data set of schizophrenia Destination: bmark_-344840951 Children: Item: Title: 1 Introduction Destination: s1 Item: Title: 2 Guidelines for the association analysis Destination: s2 Children: Item: Title: 2.1 Which full model should be considered? Destination: s2_1 Item: Title: 2.2 When and how to make a PRS ranking? Destination: s2_2 Item: Title: 2.3 Which model among all the possible ones is the most appropriate? Destination: s2_3 Item: Title: 2.4 For a continuous trait, what steps should be followed for a correct analysis? Destination: s2_4 Children: Item: Title: 2.4.1 How is the candidate model validated? Destination: s2_4_1 Item: Title: 2.4.2 What can be done if any validation condition fails? Destination: s2_4_2 Item: Title: 2.4.3 How is a possible association established? Destination: s2_4_3 Item: Title: 2.5 For a binary trait, what steps should be followed for a correct analysis? Destination: s2_5 Item: Title: 2.6 Is it necessary to consider all the steps mentioned above? Destination: s2_6 Item: Title: 3 Analysing a real data set Destination: s3 Children: Item: Title: 3.1 CAPE negative as the trait Destination: s3_1 Item: Title: 3.2 CAPE positive as the trait Destination: s3_2 Item: Title: 4 Concluding remarks Destination: s4 Item: Title: Data availability statement Destination: bmark_-1258588262 Item: Title: Ethics statement Destination: bmark_1370551237 Item: Title: Author contributions Destination: bmark_-1208584890 Item: Title: Funding Destination: bmark_1865464027 Item: Title: Conflict of interest Destination: bmark_1089982005 Item: Title: Generative AI statement Destination: bmark_-1453097031 Item: Title: Publisher’s note Destination: bmark_-1256977648 Item: Title: References Destination: bmark_2090415954 Info: Title: Association analysis between polygenic risk scores and traits: practical guidelines and tutorial with an illustrative data set of schizophrenia Author: Itziar Irigoien Subject: Irigoien I, Mas-Bermejo P, Papiol S, Barrantes-Vidal N, Rosa A and Arenas C (2025) Association analysis between polygenic risk scores and traits: practical guidelines and tutorial with an illustrative data set of schizophrenia. 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analysis between polygenic risk scores and traits: practical guidelines and tutorial with an illustrative data set of schizophrenia. Front. Psychiatry 16:1621972. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1621972 Copyright © 2025 Irigoien, Mas-Bermejo, Papiol, Barrantes-Vidal, Rosa and Arenas.. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. polygenic risk score statistical analysis covariates schizophrenia psychotic-like experiences Association analysis between polygenic risk scores and traits: practical guidelines and tutorial with an illustrative data set of schizophrenia polygenic risk score; statistical analysis; covariates; schizophrenia; psychotic-like experiences True https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/copyright-statement 2025-08-18T16:44:20+08:00 2025-08-18T16:44:20+08:00 2025-08-18T16:44:20+08:00 uuid:6c668e75-97f2-405c-90c5-92a5e10a2f1e uuid:3877c695-82a3-4a67-bdbd-b64affa44bd4 Pages: Page: Label: 1 Annotations: Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 685, 502, 706 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 660, 526, 681 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 635, 526, 656 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 610, 487, 631 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 221, 585, 382, 606 Annotation: Subtype: Link Rect: 49, 33, 120, 40 Annotation: 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