4551144b2b5cea0b86f859072e6ee2b8 animals-16-00014.pdf 5379bfd3899a75e17feefe0c99182b6d214c366f animals-16-00014.pdf 9f22e9072696f4b448dd7679c489ab17a5cbb7f73577aa834222ab51fd9d696f animals-16-00014.pdf Title: Characterizing the Health Status of European Hake (Merluccius merluccius) in Areas with Different Anthropic Impacts (NW Mediterranean Sea) Subject: The high incidence of anthropogenic impacts in the Mediterranean basin raises concerns on the health and quality of commercial fish species. This study aims to evaluate the health status of the European hake, Merluccius merluccius, from three areas of the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean Sea) with different anthropogenic impacts (i.e., chemical pollution, litter, …) and assess if hake could serve as a sentinel species. We measured biomarkers of chemical exposure including B-esterases, antioxidant enzymes (GST, GR, GPx, CAT), biotransformation markers (EROD), lipid peroxidation, and macro-parasite assemblages. Hake showed, generally, a good health status across all areas with homogeneous patterns for most parameters. Tissue-specific differences included elevated gonadal cholinesterases and higher brain and hepatic carboxylesterase activities in the south, and increased hepatic EROD but lower lipid peroxidation in the central Barcelona area. Parasite assemblages were dominated by Digenea, Cestoda, and Nematoda, with higher cestode prevalence in both central and south zones. In summary, despite a greater prevalence of environmental pollution in the central region, there was a homogeneous pattern in hake health indicators throughout the three studied fishing zones. These results establish a baseline for hake health in Mediterranean waters and suggest that the species’ high mobility and wide depth range may limit its utility to detect local-scale pollution impacts, though it may serve as a regional-scale bioindicator. Keywords: biomarkers; carboxylesterases; cholinesterases; parasites; marine litter; pollution Author: Irene Brandts, Sergi Omedes, Carmen Gilardoni, Marc Balcells, Montserrat Solé and Eve Galimany Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Fri Dec 19 16:50:05 2025 CET ModDate: Fri Dec 19 16:53:51 2025 CET Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 18 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1515362 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.7 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- WBVQKJ+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 150 0 ILXGXV+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 151 0 SQEOMT+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 152 0 LYTHTI+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 153 0 DXYFGO+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 154 0 YFFKLH+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 249 0 OKNKPB+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 241 0 OKNKOP+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 242 0 OKNNAL+TimesNewRoman,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 243 0 NXQZWG+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 294 0 OKNKPB+PalatinoLinotype,Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 334 0 OKNKOP+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 335 0 OKNKOP+PalatinoLinotype TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 372 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2026-02-14 04:22:04 CET RepresentationInformation: animals-16-00014.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2026-02-13 11:08:45 CET Size: 1515362 Format: PDF Version: 1.7 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 579 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Materials and Methods Children: Item: Title: Sampling Zones Item: Title: Fish Sampling and Morphometric Measurements Item: Title: Tissue Preparation for Biochemical Analyses Item: Title: Biochemical Determinations Children: Item: Title: Protein Determination Item: Title: Determination of B-Esterases Activities Item: Title: Antioxidant Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) in Liver Item: Title: CYP1A1 EROD Activity Item: Title: Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) in Muscle Item: Title: Parasitological Study Item: Title: Statistics Item: Title: Results Children: Item: Title: Condition Factor and Gross Morphometric Measurements Item: Title: Biochemical Determinations Children: Item: Title: B-Esterase Activities in Hake Tissues Item: Title: Antioxidant Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) in Liver Item: Title: CYP1A1 EROD Activity Item: Title: LDH in Muscle Item: Title: Parasitological Study Item: Title: Correlations and PCA Item: Title: Discussion Item: Title: Conclusions Item: Title: References Info: Title: Characterizing the Health Status of European Hake (Merluccius merluccius) in Areas with Different Anthropic Impacts (NW Mediterranean Sea) Author: Irene Brandts, Sergi Omedes, Carmen Gilardoni, Marc Balcells, Montserrat Solé and Eve Galimany Subject: The high incidence of anthropogenic impacts in the Mediterranean basin raises concerns on the health and quality of commercial fish species. This study aims to evaluate the health status of the European hake, Merluccius merluccius, from three areas of the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean Sea) with different anthropogenic impacts (i.e., chemical pollution, litter, …) and assess if hake could serve as a sentinel species. We measured biomarkers of chemical exposure including B-esterases, antioxidant enzymes (GST, GR, GPx, CAT), biotransformation markers (EROD), lipid peroxidation, and macro-parasite assemblages. Hake showed, generally, a good health status across all areas with homogeneous patterns for most parameters. Tissue-specific differences included elevated gonadal cholinesterases and higher brain and hepatic carboxylesterase activities in the south, and increased hepatic EROD but lower lipid peroxidation in the central Barcelona area. Parasite assemblages were dominated by Digenea, Cestoda, and Nematoda, with higher cestode prevalence in both central and south zones. In summary, despite a greater prevalence of environmental pollution in the central region, there was a homogeneous pattern in hake health indicators throughout the three studied fishing zones. These results establish a baseline for hake health in Mediterranean waters and suggest that the species’ high mobility and wide depth range may limit its utility to detect local-scale pollution impacts, though it may serve as a regional-scale bioindicator. 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