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Nutr. 12:1626379. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1626379 Keywords: retinopathy; diabetes; vitamin B3; niacin; neuropathy; microangiopathy; tryptophan Author: Jeimy Katherine Torres-Méndez Creator: LaTeX with hyperref package + hypdvips Producer: pikepdf 9.10.2 CreationDate: Fri Oct 10 09:10:55 2025 CEST ModDate: Fri Oct 10 11:06:57 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: yes Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 10 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.26 x 842.116 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 9406216 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- PFFPGM+MuseoSans-700 Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 30 0 PFFPHN+MuseoSans-300 Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 33 0 PFGABK+MuseoSans-300Italic Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 36 0 PFGABL+MinionPro-Regular Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 39 0 PFGADM+MuseoSans-500 Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 42 0 PFGALK+MTSY Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 479 0 PFGAOJ+MinionPro-It Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 476 0 PFGBGH+RMTMI Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 482 0 PFGCEE+MinionPro-Bold Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 489 0 PFGCEF+MTSYB Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 488 0 PFGCEG+RMTMIB Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 487 0 PFGCEH+MinionPro-BoldIt Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 486 0 PFGCDE+MuseoSans-500Italic Type 1C Custom yes yes yes 485 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2026-03-27 03:09:26 CET RepresentationInformation: fnut-12-1626379.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2026-03-26 20:13:05 CET Size: 9406216 Format: PDF Version: 1.5 Status: Well-Formed, but not valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul ErrorMessage: Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'sfig1' cannot be found ID: PDF-HUL-149 ErrorMessage: Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'sfig6' cannot be found ID: PDF-HUL-149 ErrorMessage: Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'sfig2' cannot be found ID: PDF-HUL-149 ErrorMessage: Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'sfig3' cannot be found ID: PDF-HUL-149 ErrorMessage: Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'sfig7' cannot be found ID: PDF-HUL-149 ErrorMessage: Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'sfig4' cannot be found ID: PDF-HUL-149 ErrorMessage: Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'sfig5' cannot be found ID: PDF-HUL-149 ErrorMessage: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfInvalidException: Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'sfig5' cannot be found ID: PDF-HUL-122 Offset: 37744 ErrorMessage: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfInvalidException: Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'sfig6' cannot be found ID: PDF-HUL-122 Offset: 37744 ErrorMessage: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfInvalidException: Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'sfig4' cannot be found ID: PDF-HUL-122 Offset: 37744 ErrorMessage: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfInvalidException: Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'sfig3' cannot be found ID: PDF-HUL-122 Offset: 37744 ErrorMessage: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfInvalidException: Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'sfig2' cannot be found ID: PDF-HUL-122 Offset: 37744 ErrorMessage: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfInvalidException: Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'sfig7' cannot be found ID: PDF-HUL-122 Offset: 37744 ErrorMessage: edu.harvard.hul.ois.jhove.module.pdf.PdfInvalidException: Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'sfig1' cannot be found ID: PDF-HUL-122 Offset: 37744 MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 0 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseOutlines Language: en Outlines: Item: Title: Association between dietary niacin intake and diabetic retinopathy in a Catalonian population: a cross-sectional study Destination: ariclecounter.1 Children: Item: Title: 1 Introduction Destination: section*.2 Item: Title: 2 Methods Destination: section*.3 Children: Item: Title: 2.1. Study design and setting Destination: section*.4 Item: Title: 2.2. Study subjects Destination: section*.5 Item: Title: 2.3. Eligibility criteria Destination: section*.6 Children: Item: Title: 2.3.1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria Destination: section*.7 Item: Title: 2.3.2. Diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy Destination: section*.8 Item: Title: 2.4. Other clinical data Destination: section*.9 Item: Title: 2.5. Dietary niacin intake Destination: section*.10 Item: Title: 2.6. Statistical methods Destination: section*.11 Item: Title: 3 Results Destination: section*.12 Children: Item: Title: 3.1 Clinical and demographic data Destination: section*.13 Item: Title: 3.2 Association analysis between dietary niacin and diabetic retinopathy Destination: section*.14 Item: Title: 3.3 Association analysis between dietary niacin, niacin equivalents and diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus Destination: section*.15 Item: Title: 3.4 Association analysis between dietary niacin, niacin equivalents and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes Destination: section*.16 Item: Title: 4 Discussion Destination: section*.17 Item: Title: 5 Conclusion Destination: section*.18 Item: Title: Data availability statement Destination: section*.19 Item: Title: Ethics statement Destination: section*.20 Item: Title: Author contributions Destination: section*.21 Item: Title: Funding Destination: section*.22 Item: Title: Acknowledgments Destination: section*.23 Item: Title: Conflict 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true EncodingDictionary: Differences: true ToUnicode: true XMP: LaTeX with hyperref package + hypdvips 2025-10-10T14:36:57+05:30 2025-10-10T12:10:55+05:00 2025-10-10T14:36:57+05:30 application/pdf Association between dietary niacin intake and diabetic retinopathy in a Catalonian population: a cross-sectional study Jeimy Katherine Torres-Méndez Marina Idalia Rojo-López Maria Antentas Pau Vendrell Emilio Ortega Nuria Alonso Esmeralda Castelblanco Andrea Muscarà Esther Rubinat Nuria Alcubierre Marta Herna-.3exto 0pt́ndez Joana Rossell Minerva Granado-Casas Didac Mauricio Josep Julve Torres-Méndez JK, Rojo-López MI, Antentas M, Vendrell P, Ortega E, Alonso N, Castelblanco E, Muscarà A, Rubinat E, Alcubierre N, Herna-.3exto 0pt́ndez M, Rossell J, Granado-Casas M, Mauricio D and Julve J (2025) Association between dietary niacin intake and diabetic retinopathy in a Catalonian population: a cross-sectional study. Front. Nutr. 12:1626379. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1626379 Copyright © 2025 Torres-Méndez, Rojo-López, Antentas, Vendrell, Ortega, Alonso, Castelblanco, Muscarà, Rubinat, Alcubierre, Hernández, Rossell, Granado-Casas, Mauricio and Julve. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. retinopathy diabetes vitamin B3 niacin neuropathy microangiopathy tryptophan pikepdf 9.10.2 retinopathy; diabetes; vitamin B3; niacin; neuropathy; microangiopathy; tryptophan uuid:a7d50f73-7937-4528-947b-354e6fe61b56 uuid:c3b57624-e5d8-4558-9009-62e209f73701 True https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/copyright-statement Copyright © 2025 Torres-Méndez, Rojo-López, Antentas, Vendrell, Ortega, Alonso, Castelblanco, Muscarà, Rubinat, Alcubierre, Hernández, Rossell, Granado-Casas, Mauricio and Julve. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. 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