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Destination: titlink1 Children: Item: Title: Introduction Destination: flink2 Item: Title: Material and methods Destination: flink3 Children: Item: Title: Input source Destination: slink1 Item: Title: Output interpretation Destination: slink2 Item: Title: Results Destination: flink4 Children: Item: Title: Large language models (LLM) Destination: slink3 Item: Title: Conversation types Destination: slink4 Item: Title: Hydrocele versus varicocele Destination: slink5 Item: Title: Criteria for accuracy, consistency and reliability Destination: slink6 Item: Title: Interrater reliability Destination: slink7 Item: Title: Discussion Destination: flink5 Children: Item: Title: Limitations and future implications Destination: slink8 Item: Title: Conclusion Destination: flink6 Item: Title: Funding source Destination: flink7 Item: Title: Conflict of interest Destination: aclink2 Item: Title: Conflict of interest Destination: flink8 Item: Title: References Destination: flink9 Item: Title: JPUROL5463S1477-5131(25)00303-110.1016/j.jpurol.2025.05.030The Authors© 2025 The Authors. 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Author: L.A. ‘t Hoen Subject: Journal of Pediatric Urology, 21 (2025) 1643-1649. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2025.05.030 Creator: Elsevier Producer: Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows) CreationDate: Tue Dec 09 08:56:17 CET 2025 ModDate: Tue Dec 09 08:58:27 CET 2025 ID: 0x9acb7e458695018019c771b1aef44ab4, 0xbdecd18335799b4c8a84e785416baf33 Filters: FilterPipeline: FlateDecode FilterPipeline: DCTDecode Images: Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/jpg CompressionScheme: JPEG ImageWidth: 308 ImageHeight: 340 ColorSpace: RGB BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Image: NisoImageMetadata: FormatName: image/png ImageWidth: 102 ImageHeight: 102 ColorSpace: palette color BitsPerSample: 8 BitsPerSampleUnit: integer Filter: FlateDecode Fonts: Type0: Font: BaseFont: PONHEB+Calibri Encoding: Identity-H ToUnicode: true Font: BaseFont: PONHEC+Calibri-Bold Encoding: Identity-H ToUnicode: true Type1: Font: BaseFont: PONGKN+AdvPSA35D FontSubset: true FirstChar: 40 LastChar: 145 FontDescriptor: FontName: PONGKN+AdvPSA35D Flags: Nonsymbolic FontBBox: -166, -239, 989, 791 FontFile3: true Encoding: WinAnsiEncoding Font: BaseFont: PONGKP+AdvPS44A44B FontSubset: true FirstChar: 101 LastChar: 101 FontDescriptor: FontName: PONGKP+AdvPS44A44B Flags: Nonsymbolic FontBBox: 0, -197, 1000, 802 FontFile3: true Encoding: WinAnsiEncoding Font: BaseFont: PONHAA+AdvTrebu-I FontSubset: true FirstChar: 34 LastChar: 121 FontDescriptor: FontName: PONHAA+AdvTrebu-I Flags: Nonsymbolic FontBBox: -62, -218, 1020, 822 FontFile3: true Encoding: WinAnsiEncoding Font: BaseFont: PONHBB+AdvPS3FDD77 FontSubset: true FirstChar: 90 LastChar: 90 FontDescriptor: FontName: PONHBB+AdvPS3FDD77 Flags: Nonsymbolic FontBBox: 0, -208, 1145, 864 FontFile3: true Encoding: WinAnsiEncoding Font: BaseFont: PONGNP+AdvPSSym FontSubset: true FirstChar: 170 LastChar: 170 FontDescriptor: FontName: PONGNP+AdvPSSym Flags: Nonsymbolic FontBBox: -177, -291, 1083, 1010 FontFile3: true Encoding: WinAnsiEncoding Font: BaseFont: PONGKM+AdvTrebu-R FontSubset: true FirstChar: 30 LastChar: 180 FontDescriptor: FontName: PONGKM+AdvTrebu-R Flags: Nonsymbolic FontBBox: -83, -218, 958, 833 FontFile3: true EncodingDictionary: BaseEncoding: WinAnsiEncoding Differences: true Font: BaseFont: PONGOA+AdvPSA35F FontSubset: true FirstChar: 49 LastChar: 50 FontDescriptor: FontName: PONGOA+AdvPSA35F Flags: Nonsymbolic FontBBox: -156, -239, 989, 770 FontFile3: true Encoding: WinAnsiEncoding Font: BaseFont: PONGKO+AdvTrebu-B FontSubset: true FirstChar: 40 LastChar: 223 FontDescriptor: FontName: PONGKO+AdvTrebu-B Flags: Nonsymbolic FontBBox: -93, -218, 1010, 802 FontFile3: true Encoding: MacRomanEncoding Font: BaseFont: PONHCB+AdvPS7DED FontSubset: true FirstChar: 51 LastChar: 51 FontDescriptor: FontName: PONHCB+AdvPS7DED Flags: Nonsymbolic FontBBox: -20, -229, 927, 770 FontFile3: true Encoding: WinAnsiEncoding CIDFontType2: Font: BaseFont: PONHEB+Calibri CIDSystemInfo: Registry: Adobe Registry: Identity Supplement: 0 FontDescriptor: FontName: PONHEB+Calibri Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -503, -313, 1240, 1026 FontFile2: true Font: BaseFont: PONHEC+Calibri-Bold CIDSystemInfo: Registry: Adobe Registry: Identity Supplement: 0 FontDescriptor: FontName: PONHEC+Calibri-Bold Flags: Symbolic FontBBox: -519, -349, 1263, 1039 FontFile2: true XMP: application/pdf doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2025.05.030 Annual updates of the European Association of Urology - European Society for Pediatric Urology (EAU-ESPU) paediatric urology guidelines: Are large-language models (LLM) better than the usual structured methodology? L.A. ‘t Hoen A. van Uitert M. Bussmann C. Bezuidenhout M. Ribal S. Canfield Y. Yuan M.I. Omar M. Castagnetti B. Burgu F. O'Kelly J. Quaedackers Y. Rawashdeh S. Silay A. Bujons G. Bogaert N. Pakkasjarvi M. Skott U. Kennedy M. Gnech C. Radmayr Artificial intelligence Large language models Pediatric urology Clinical guidelines Journal of Pediatric Urology, 21 (2025) 1643-1649. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2025.05.030 The Authors journal Journal of Pediatric Urology © 2025 The Authors. 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