92381bef6e5ef0b421888231cd3ddcc8 329511.pdf a8701942df0128274408eb6558d8ad118149edb8 329511.pdf 6ce65c4e13391eb0c323497b5ee56b9220a75844f3984c78430e2b52c7f6f521 329511.pdf Title: Differential Expression of Galectin-1 and Galectin-9 in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases Subject: Galectin-1 and -9 (Gal1/9) are essential mediators of immune-inflammatory responses, which makes these proteins potential biomarkers for immune-mediated diseases (IMIDs), such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis (PS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), inflammatory bowel disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Our aim was to evaluate plasma Gal1/9 differences between IMID patients and healthy donors (HD). We analyzed 980 plasma samples divided into two analytical cohorts (600 discovery group and 380 validation group). Generalized linear models estimated Gal1/9 levels, adjusting for sex, age, storage time, and plate variability. In the overall IMID group, plasma Gal1 levels were comparable to those of HD, while Gal9 levels were significantly elevated. Levels varied across individual diseases: SLE patients consistently showed the highest Gal1/9 levels compared to both HD and other IMIDs, and RA patients had elevated Gal9 levels versus HD. Both Gal1 and Gal9 plasma levels correlated positively with higher disease activity, and Gal1 was higher in patients with longer disease duration. After adjustment for these confounders, SLE and RA patients maintained the highest Gal9 levels compared to HD. Our study demonstrates that Gal1 and Gal9 are differentially expressed across IMIDs, with particularly elevated levels in SLE, and both galectins are associated with disease activity. Keywords: immune-mediated inflammatory diseases; Galectin-1; Galectin-9; biomarkers Author: Cristina Valero-Martínez, Marisa Pardines-Ortiz, Nuria Montes, Esteban Dauden, Benjamín Fernández-Gutierrez, Esther García-Planella, Fernando Gomollón García, Jordi Gratacós, Jose Javier Pérez-Venegas, Antonio Julía, Sara Marsal, Amalia Lamana, Rosario García-Vicuña, Isidoro González-Alvaro and Ana Triguero-Martínez Creator: LaTeX with hyperref Producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25; modified using OpenPDF 1.4.2 CreationDate: Thu Sep 18 10:42:16 2025 CEST ModDate: Thu Sep 18 11:03:16 2025 CEST Custom Metadata: yes Metadata Stream: no Tagged: no UserProperties: no Suspects: no Form: none JavaScript: no Pages: 15 Encrypted: no Page size: 595.276 x 841.89 pts (A4) Page rot: 0 File size: 1164084 bytes Optimized: no PDF version: 1.5 name type encoding emb sub uni object ID ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- --------- FPIUJN+URWPalladioL-Roma Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 99 0 QJCTDT+URWPalladioL-Ital Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 100 0 IQQMBE+URWPalladioL-Bold Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 101 0 GOCQIR+EURM10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 144 0 URYLRZ+URWPalladioL-BoldItal Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 178 0 BCDIEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 195 0 BCDJEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 196 0 BCDFEE+PalatinoLinotype-Italic TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 197 0 BCDGEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 198 0 PXTEMV+CMSY10 Type 1 Builtin yes yes yes 251 0 BCDHEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 208 0 BCDIEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 209 0 BCDJEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 210 0 BCDHEE+PalatinoLinotype-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 245 0 BCDIEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 246 0 BCDJEE+PalatinoLinotype-Roman TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 247 0 BCDLEE+Calibri-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 304 0 BCDOEE+Calibri-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 305 0 BCDPEE+Calibri-Bold CID TrueType Identity-H yes yes yes 306 0 BCDMEE+Calibri TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 307 0 BCDNEE+Calibri-Bold TrueType WinAnsi yes yes no 308 0 YOEXCO+VnURWPalladioL Type 1 Custom yes yes yes 464 0 Jhove (Rel. 1.28.0, 2023-05-18) Date: 2026-07-03 04:20:00 CEST RepresentationInformation: 329511.pdf ReportingModule: PDF-hul, Rel. 1.12.4 (2023-03-16) LastModified: 2026-07-02 12:14:47 CEST Size: 1164084 Format: PDF Version: 1.5 Status: Well-Formed and valid SignatureMatches: PDF-hul MIMEtype: application/pdf PDFMetadata: Objects: 593 FreeObjects: 1 IncrementalUpdates: 0 DocumentCatalog: ViewerPreferences: HideToolbar: false HideMenubar: false HideWindowUI: false FitWindow: true CenterWindow: false DisplayDocTitle: false NonFullScreenPageMode: UseNone Direction: L2R ViewArea: CropBox ViewClip: CropBox PrintArea: CropBox PageClip: CropBox PageLayout: SinglePage PageMode: UseNone Outlines: Item: Title: Introduction Item: Title: Results Children: Item: Title: Study Population Item: Title: Gal1 and Gal9 Plasma Levels in Different IMIDs Item: Title: Association of Gal1 and Gal9 Plasma Levels with Disease Activity and Disease Duration Item: Title: Discussion Item: Title: Methods Children: Item: Title: Patients and Samples Item: Title: Measurement of Gal1 and Gal9 Plasma Levels in HD and IMID Population Item: Title: Statistical Analysis Item: Title: Conclusions Item: Title: References Info: Title: Differential Expression of Galectin-1 and Galectin-9 in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases Author: Cristina Valero-Martínez, Marisa Pardines-Ortiz, Nuria Montes, Esteban Dauden, Benjamín Fernández-Gutierrez, Esther García-Planella, Fernando Gomollón García, Jordi Gratacós, Jose Javier Pérez-Venegas, Antonio Julía, Sara Marsal, Amalia Lamana, Rosario García-Vicuña, Isidoro González-Alvaro and Ana Triguero-Martínez Subject: Galectin-1 and -9 (Gal1/9) are essential mediators of immune-inflammatory responses, which makes these proteins potential biomarkers for immune-mediated diseases (IMIDs), such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis (PS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), inflammatory bowel disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Our aim was to evaluate plasma Gal1/9 differences between IMID patients and healthy donors (HD). We analyzed 980 plasma samples divided into two analytical cohorts (600 discovery group and 380 validation group). Generalized linear models estimated Gal1/9 levels, adjusting for sex, age, storage time, and plate variability. In the overall IMID group, plasma Gal1 levels were comparable to those of HD, while Gal9 levels were significantly elevated. Levels varied across individual diseases: SLE patients consistently showed the highest Gal1/9 levels compared to both HD and other IMIDs, and RA patients had elevated Gal9 levels versus HD. Both Gal1 and Gal9 plasma levels correlated positively with higher disease activity, and Gal1 was higher in patients with longer disease duration. After adjustment for these confounders, SLE and RA patients maintained the highest Gal9 levels compared to HD. Our study demonstrates that Gal1 and Gal9 are differentially expressed across IMIDs, with particularly elevated levels in SLE, and both galectins are associated with disease activity. 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